骠语

骠语(骠语：; 缅甸语：ပျူ ဘာသာ, 发音：[pjù bàðà])是一种已经灭绝的汉藏语系语言。该语言是骠国诸城邦之间的本土语言，在公元前2世纪至公元后9世纪期间蓬勃发展。9世纪末期，缅族自南诏迁移来以后，骠语的使用者人数开始下降。至12世纪末期，骠语仍然被使用，至少骠文在蒲甘王国的碑铭中仍被使用。13世纪的时候，因为使用缅甸语的蒲甘王国在上缅甸崛起，骠语最终灭绝。

骠语
骠文字母
区域	骠国、蒲甘王国
语言灭亡	13世纪
语系	汉藏语系 藏缅语族？ 萨尔语群？/缅彝语群？ 景颇-卢伊语支（英语：Luish languages）？ 骠语
文字	骠文
语言代码
ISO 639-3	pyx
语言学家列表	pyx
Glottolog	burm1262[1]

骠语有自己的文字，这种文字被称为骠文，是一种婆罗米文字。根据最近的研究表明，缅文可能是在骠文的基础上发明的。

系属分类

翰林城的骠文碑刻

约8世纪的骠族城邦；蒲甘的疆域仅供参考，并不与骠族城邦同时存在

Blagden (1911: 382)是首先识别出骠语属于汉藏语系的学者。^{[2]:365‒388}三宅英雄 (2021)认为骠语因为其音韵和词汇特色在汉藏语系下自成一支。骠语已经几乎将原始汉藏语的形态尽数丢失。^[3][4]

骠语被马提索夫临时地归入缅彝语群，大卫·布拉德利则认为它最接近卢伊语支，三宅英雄稍后发现两种假说都似是而非。无我也将骠语暂时划为汉藏语系下独立一支。^[5]

音系

三宅英雄构拟了骠语的音节结构：^[3]

(C.)CV(C)(H)

(声母前音)+音节

有7个元音。^[3]

	前	中	后
高	i		u
中	e	ə	o
低	æ		a

三宅英雄构拟了43-44个声母，具体数字取决于如何分析声门塞音。创新的声母有：^[3]

• 擦音：/h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/
• 流音：/R̥ R L̥ L/
• 内爆音：/ɓ/

有10个韵尾：-k、-t、-p、-m、-n、-ŋ、-j、-r、-l、-w。骠语是分析语，没有可能的屈折现象。^[3]

骠文碑刻列表

位置	序列号
Halin	01[6]
Śrī Kṣetra	04[7]
Pagan	07[8]
Pagan	08[9]
Śrī Kṣetra	10[10]
Pagan	11[11]
Śrī Kṣetra	12[12]
Śrī Kṣetra	22[13]
Śrī Kṣetra	25[14]
Śrī Kṣetra	28[15]
Śrī Kṣetra	29[16]
Myittha	32[17]
Myittha	39[18]
Śrī Kṣetra	42[19]
Śrī Kṣetra	55[20]
Śrī Kṣetra	56[21]
Śrī Kṣetra	57[22]
Halin	60[23]
Halin	61[24]
???	63[25]
Śrī Kṣetra	105[26]
Śrī Kṣetra	160[27]
???	163[28]
Śrī Kṣetra	164[29]
Śrī Kṣetra	167[30]

词汇

下面是部分骠语基础词，数据来自戈登·卢斯和三宅英雄。

词义	Luce (1985)[31]:66–69	Miyake (2016)[32]	Miyake (2021)[3]
1	tå	ta(k·)ṁ	/tæk/
2	hni°	kni
3	ho:, hau:	hoḥ	/n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH
4	pḷå	plaṁ
5	pi°ŋa	(piṁ/miṁ) ṅa	/pəŋa/
6	tru	tru(k·?)
7	kni	hni(t·?)ṁ
8	hrå	hra(t·)ṁ
9	tko	tko	/t.ko/
10	sū, sau	su
20	tpū
骨、遗迹	ru
水	tdu̱-		/t.du/
金	tha
一天	phru̱
口	de [ḷe ?]
年	sni:
村	o
好	ha
生病	hni°:
接近	mtu
名	mi		/r.miŋ/
我	ga°:
我的	gi
妻	maya:
配偶、妻子	[u] vo̱:
子	sa:		/saH/
孙子	pli, pli°
给			/pæH/

音变

骠语自原始藏缅语的音变如下。^[3]

• 咝音链变：*c > *s > /h/
• 去鼻化：*m > /ɓ/以及可能的*ŋ > /g/
• *e低化：*e > /ä/
• *sC复辅音送气化：*sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/

用途

骠语曾是骠族城邦的本土语言。梵语和巴利语在这一地区也曾通行过。中国史书记录了800至802年间从骠国来的35名乐师以梵语奏乐演唱。^[33]:35–36

骠巴利	缅巴利	泰巴利	翻译
(6世纪骠文)	ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ	อิติปิโส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง	由于这些原因，即先前获得的美德，佛陀被称为尊者。
	အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါတိ	อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ	真实而完美的开悟者，一个被赋予知识和行为的人，一个快乐的人。一个了解宇宙的人，一个卓越的人，一个人类任性的激情的使者，一个众神和人类的主宰，一个受祝福的佛陀。

注释

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Burma Pyu. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
2. Blagden, C. O. 1911. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 43(2).
3. Miyake, Marc. 2021. The prehistory of Pyu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. SEALS 2021 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Video （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
4. Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
5. van Driem, George. Trans-Himalayan Database. [7 November 2012]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-12）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
6. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711
7. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381
8. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873
9. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158
10. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597
11. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282
12. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383
13. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468
14. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777
15. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791
16. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217
17. Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848
18. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725
19. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251
20. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133
21. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148
22. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163
23. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695
24. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710
25. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174
26. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168
27. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725
28. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673
29. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685
30. Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753
31. Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1.
32. Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Presentation given at SEALS 26.
33. Aung-Thwin.

参考

• Aung-Thwin, Michael. The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
• Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
• Htin Aung, Maung. A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 1967. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)

阅读更多

• Blagden, C. Otto. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 1911, 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526.
• Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 2017, 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247 .
• Shafer, Robert. Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1943, 7 (4): 313–366. JSTOR 2717831. doi:10.2307/2717831.
• Miyake, Marc. Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2018, 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008 .
• Miyake, Marc. A first look at Pyu grammar. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 2019, 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.
• Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

外部链接

• The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Datasets for Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, photographed by James Miles

参考资料