预定论

预定论（Predestination）在神学中是指所有事件都由上帝意志所决定，特别是关于个人灵魂的最终命运。^[1]这一教义通常涉及自由意志的悖论，即上帝的全知似乎与人类的自由意志不相容。预定论经常被视为宗教决定论的一种形式。

历史

前基督教时期

一些学者认为《以诺书》包含一种决定论的世界观，与二元论结合。^[2]《禧年书》似乎将自由意志和决定论相结合。便·西拉则强调自由意志，认为上帝允许人类在善与恶之间做出选择。^[3]

新约时期

学者对一世纪犹太教的预定观点存在分歧。约瑟夫斯记载了三个主要犹太教派别对此问题的不同看法。保罗在《罗马书》8-11章中探讨了预定的问题，特别是罗马书8:28-30节，被解释为上帝选择特定的人得救。^[4]}}学者们对此段经文有不同的诠释，有人认为这仅与服务有关，而非救赎。^[5]

教父时期

奥古斯丁在早期认为预定是基于上帝对个人功勋的预知，但后来他改变了观点，认为信仰是上帝恩典的结果，而非人类行为的奖励。^[6]奥古斯丁的观点引发了争议，一些学者如艾克兰的朱利安（英语：Julian of Eclanum]]]）认为他主张双重预定，即上帝选择一些人得救，同时也选择一些人受罚。^[7]

中世纪

托马斯·阿奎那认为上帝的预定仅基于他的善良，而非受造物的善行。他主张人类拥有自由意志，完全对自己的罪行负责。^[8]奥卡姆则认为上帝的预定是基于对人类选择的预见。^[9]

宗教改革

约翰·加尔文主张双重预定，即上帝预定某些人得救，另一些人注定受罚。他认为，尽管上帝预定了罪人的命运，但罪人的罪行是其受罚的原因，而救赎完全是上帝的恩典。此外，其他宗教改革者如茨温利也持有双重预定的观点。

基督教各教派的观点

东正教

东正教强调人类自由意志与上帝恩典的协作。神学家圣西奥凡（英语：Theophan the Recluse）表示，人的努力与上帝的恩典需结合才能达到救赎。^[10]

罗马天主教

罗马天主教教导预定论，但不否认自由意志。天主教教义认为，上帝在预定中包含了每个人对其恩典的自由回应。奥古斯丁的教义对天主教的预定论有深远影响，他强调上帝的圣宠引导人们行善。^[11]

新教

加尔文主义

加尔文主义主张无条件选择和双重预定，认为上帝根据自己的意志选择得救者和受罚者。

阿民念主义

阿民念主义认为上帝的预定是基于对人类信仰的预见，强调人的自由意志和上帝恩典的相互作用。^[12]

预定论的类型

有条件选择：有条件选择认为上帝根据预见到的信仰选择救赎对象，强调个人的自由意志。这一观点与无条件选择相对立，后者认为上帝仅根据自己的目的选择得救者。
双重预定：双重预定主张上帝同时预定某些人得救和某些人受罚。这一观点在宗教改革时期的加尔文主义中得到了广泛支持。
中间知识：中间知识由耶稣会神学家莫利纳（英语：Luis de Molina）提出，试图调和上帝的主权与自由意志。中间知识认为，上帝在创世前就知道每个人会在各种情境下做出何种选择，并根据这些预见来实现其意志。

伊斯兰教的观点

在伊斯兰教中，预定论也有重要地位。伊斯兰教教义指出，真主阿拉是全知全能的，所有的事情都在他的掌控之中，是六正信之一。穆斯林相信，真主已经预定了每个人的生命、死亡以及他们的命运。然而，这并不意味着人类没有自由意志。穆斯林学者认为，人类仍需对自己的行为负责，并且有能力选择遵循或违背真主的指引。这种观点试图调和真主的全知和人类的自由意志。

参见

参考资料

引文

[1]
Predestination. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005 [13 June 2011] –通过Dictionary.com.
[2]
Malan, J. C. Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament. Neotestamentica. 1983, 17: 84–96. ISSN 0254-8356. JSTOR 43047851.
[3]
Sigal, Philip. The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D..
[4]
Levering 2011，第25页.
[5]
Levering 2011，第33页.
[6]
Levering 2011，第44页.
[7]
Chadwick 1993，第232页.
[8]
Levering 2011，第70页.
[9]
Levering 2011，第88页.
[10]
St. Theophan the Recluse, An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture, as quoted in Johanna Manley's The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians, p. 609.
[11]
Augustine of Hippo. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ.. Anti Pelagian Writings. [23 March 2013].
[12]
Stanglin & McCall 2012，第190页.

来源

Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2, books 2, 3. 由Henry Beveridge翻译. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. 1845 （英语）.
Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. London: Penguin books. 1993 （英语）.
dePrater, William A. God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4982-0454-5 （英语）.
EncyclopaediaE. Gregory Of Rimini. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-08 （英语）.
EncyclopaediaE. Ratramnus. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-03 （英语）.
James, Frank A. III. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Oxford: Clarendon. 1998 [14 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于22 December 2015）（英语）.
Levering, Matthew. Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-960452-4 （英语）.
Trueman, Carl R. Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556. Oxford: Clarendon. 1994 [15 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于22 December 2015）（英语）.
Olson, Roger E. Calvinism and Arminianism Compared. Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings. Patheos. 2018 [2019-08-27] （英语）.
Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. 1997 （英语）.
Stacey, John. John Wycliffe. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024 （英语）.
Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012 （英语）.

Wiley, H. Orton. Christian theology (3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press. 1940 （英语）.

延伸阅读

Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013, ISBN 978-1409463863. Book review at Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History
Akin, James. The Salvation Controversy. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. Vid. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter. ISBN 1888992182
Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald. Predestination. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. N.B.: Trans. of the author's La Prédestination des saints et la grâce; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo. ISBN 0895556340
Park, Jae-Eun. John Knox's Doctrine of Predestination and Its Practical Application for His Ecclesiology. Puritan Reformed Journal. July 2013, 5 (2): 65–90.
John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace." Reformation & Renaissance Review, 18.2 (2016): 155–173.

外部链接

"Determinism in Theology: Predestination" by Robert M. Kingdon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973–1974)
"The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."
Predestination
Understanding Predestination in Islam
Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate
Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election *互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期3 October 2008. by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
"Predestination" from The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)
Academic articles on predestination and election (Lutheran perspective)
Predestination and Free Will Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives
On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective

[1] [1]
Predestination. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005 [13 June 2011] –通过Dictionary.com.

[2] [2]
Malan, J. C. Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament. Neotestamentica. 1983, 17: 84–96. ISSN 0254-8356. JSTOR 43047851.

[3] [3]
Sigal, Philip. The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D..

[FOOTNOTELevering201125-4] [4]
Levering 2011，第25页.

[FOOTNOTELevering201133-5] [5]
Levering 2011，第33页.

[FOOTNOTELevering201144-6] [6]
Levering 2011，第44页.

[FOOTNOTEChadwick1993232-7] [7]
Chadwick 1993，第232页.

[FOOTNOTELevering201170-8] [8]
Levering 2011，第70页.

[FOOTNOTELevering201188-9] [9]
Levering 2011，第88页.

[10] [10]
St. Theophan the Recluse, An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture, as quoted in Johanna Manley's The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians, p. 609.

[11] [11]
Augustine of Hippo. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ.. Anti Pelagian Writings. [23 March 2013].

[FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012190-12] [12]
Stanglin & McCall 2012，第190页.

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