詹姆斯·邦德·斯托克代尔(英语:James Bond Stockdale,1923年12月23日—2005年7月5日)是一名美国海军中将和飞行员。
1964年北部湾事件期间,斯托克代尔在提康德罗加号航空母舰上指挥空袭。1965年9月9日,他所乘坐的A-4天鹰式攻击机飞机在北越被击落,并在河内被俘虏。斯托克代尔被北越关押长达7年,获释后获得美国荣誉勋章。此后他从1977年10月起担任海军战争学院院长,直到1979年从海军退役。1979年到1980年,斯托克代尔担任南卡罗来纳州色岱尔军校校长。
斯托克代尔悖论
在吉姆·柯林斯的著作《从优秀到卓越》中,提及一段有关斯托克代尔向柯林斯讲述如何度过越南战俘营的故事:[1]
我从不失去信心,我非但坚信我会走出战俘营,并且将迎来胜利。这段战俘营的经历在我人生中意义非凡。(I never lost faith in the end of the story, I never doubted not only that I would get out, but also that I would prevail in the end and turn the experience into the defining event of my life, which, in retrospect, I would not trade.)[2]
当柯林斯询问谁没有存活下来时,斯托克代尔回答:
哦,这简单,乐观主义者嘛。 他们当中有人曾说,“我们在圣诞节前就能离开战俘营了。”但等圣诞节过了后,他们又说,“我们在复活节前一定会被释放。”复活节都过了,感恩节又要来了,接下来又是圣诞节。 他们最终在绝望中去世。(Oh, that's easy, the optimists. Oh, they were the ones who said, 'We're going to be out by Christmas.' And Christmas would come, and Christmas would go. Then they'd say, 'We're going to be out by Easter.' And Easter would come, and Easter would go. And then Thanksgiving, and then it would be Christmas again. And they died of a broken heart.)[2]
柯林斯觉得奇怪,您这不是自相矛盾嘛,但接着斯托克代尔又回答:
这给人一个很深刻的教训,就是决不能丧失必胜的信念,并且永远不要将必胜的信念与所面对的残酷的现实混为一谈。(This is a very important lesson. You must never confuse faith that you will prevail in the end—which you can never afford to lose—with the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they might be.)[2]
柯林斯将这段对话总结为斯托克代尔悖论。
去世
斯托克代尔晚年罹患阿尔茨海默症,[3]并因该疾病于2005年7月5日去世。斯托克代尔的葬礼在海军学院礼拜堂举行,最终安葬在美国海军学院公墓。
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