占领波罗的海国家

苏联占领波罗的海国家
日期	1940年6月14日－1991年9月6日
地点	波罗的海三国
结果	苏联红军进驻波罗的海三国，实行军事占领
领土变更	苏联兼并拉脱维亚，爱沙尼亚和立陶宛
参战方
爱沙尼亚; 拉脱维亚; 立陶宛	苏联

占领波罗的海国家指的是1940年6月14日^[1]^[2]，苏联根据苏德互不侵犯条约军事占领波罗的海三国（爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛）这一事件，随后三国即被并吞并成为了苏联加盟共和国^[3]。1941年6月22日，纳粹德国展开巴巴罗萨行动攻击苏联，在数周内占领波罗的海国家。1941年7月，第三帝国成立东方总督辖区管理波罗的海地区。1944年波罗的海攻势行动后，苏军重新占领波罗的海地区，并将剩余德军围困于库尔兰口袋中，直至其1945年5月正式投降^[4]。苏联对波罗的海国家的占领则一直维持至1991年8月波罗的海国家重获独立为止。苏联国务委员会在1991年9月6日正式承认三国独立，并支持三国加入联合国和欧盟。俄罗斯在1998年8月将其位于波罗的海国家的最后一个军事基地移交拉脱维亚，并在1999年10月撤出所有驻扎在波罗的海国家的俄军。

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波罗的海三国^[5]^[6]、美国^[7]^[8]及其法院^[9]、欧洲议会^[10]^[11]^[12]欧洲人权法院^[13]以及联合国人权理事会^[14]均表明三国的权益在1939年苏德互不侵犯条约受剥夺，先遭苏联入侵，再遭德国入侵，然后被苏联非法占领及吞并^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]。各国和组织对苏联吞并的不承认政策，衍生出国体连续的原则，即三国虽然于1940年至1991年被非法占领，在法理上仍然独立^[24]^[25]^[26]。

参考文献

[1]
Taagepera, Rein. Estonia: return to independence. Westview Press. 1993: 58. ISBN 9780813311999.
[2]
Ziemele, Ineta. State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?. Baltic Yearbook of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff). 2003, 3: 165–190.
[3]
Kavass, Igor I. Baltic States. W. S. Hein. 1972. The forcible military occupation and subsequent annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union remains to this day (written in 1972) one of the serious unsolved issues of international law
[4]
Davies, Norman. Dear, Ian , 编. The Oxford companion to World War II. Michael Richard Daniell Foot. Oxford University Press. 2001: 85. ISBN 9780198604464.
[5]
The Occupation of Latvia 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-11-23. at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
[6]
22 September 1944 from one occupation to another. Estonian Embassy in Washington. 2008-09-22 [2009-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-30）. For Estonia, World War II did not end, de facto, until 31 August 1994, with the final withdrawal of former Soviet troops from Estonian soil.
[7]
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons. Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. 1985: 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9. On March 26, 1949, the US Department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
[8]
Fried, Daniel. U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship (PDF). June 14, 2007 [2009-04-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012年8月19日）. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
[9]
Lauterpacht, E.; C. J. Greenwood. International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. 1967: 62–63. ISBN 0-521-46380-7. The Court said: (256 N.Y.S.2d 196) " The Government of the United States has never recognized the forceful occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics nor does it recognize the absorption and incorporation of Latvia and Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist republics. The legality of the acts, laws and decrees of the puppet regimes set up in those countries by the USSR is not recognized by the United States, diplomatic or consular officers are not maintained in either Estonia or Latvia and full recognition is given to the Legations of Estonia and Latvia established and maintained here by the Governments in exile of those countries
[10]
Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by the European Parliament, B6-0215/2007, 21.5.2007; passed 24.5.2007 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
[11]
Dehousse, Renaud. The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey. European Journal of International Law. 1993, 4 (1): 141 [2006-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）.
[12]
European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-28）.
[13]
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
[14]
Seventh session Agenda item 9 (PDF). United Nations, Human Rights Council, Mission to Estonia. 17 March 2008 [2009-05-01]. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 assigned Estonia to the Soviet sphere of influence, prompting the beginning of the first Soviet occupation in 1940. After the German defeat in 1944, the second Soviet occupation started and Estonia became a Soviet republic.^{[永久失效链接]}
[15]
Mälksoo, Lauri. Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. 2003. ISBN 90-411-2177-3.
[16]
"The Soviet Red Army retook Estonia in 1944, occupying the country for nearly another half century." (Frucht, Richard, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2005 ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6, p. 132
[17]
Russia and Estonia agree borders. BBC. 18 May 2005 [April 29, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-12）. Five decades of almost unbroken Soviet occupation of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ended in 1991
[18]
Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at UK Foreign Office
[19]
The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN 0-7166-0103-6
[20]
The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN 0-313-32355-0
[21]
Saburova, Irina. The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States. Russian Review (Blackwell Publishing). 1955, 14 (1): 36–49. JSTOR 126075. doi:10.2307/126075.
[22]
See, for instance, position expressed by the European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-28）.
[23]
"After the German occupation in 1941–44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." KOLK AND KISLYIY v. ESTONIA, [1] (European Court of Human Rights 17 January 2006).
[24]
David James Smith, Estonia: independence and European integration, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26728-5, pXIX
[25]
Parrott, Bruce. Reversing Soviet Military Occupation. State building and military power in Russia and the new states of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe. 1995: 112–115. ISBN 1-56324-360-1. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
[26]
Van Elsuwege, Peter. Russian-speaking minorities in Estonian and Latvia: Problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union (PDF). Flensburg Germany: European Centre for Minority Issues. April 2004: 2 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23）. The forcible incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union in 1940, on the basis of secret protocols to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, is considered to be null and void. Even though the Soviet Union occupied these countries for a period of fifty years, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania continued to exist as subjects of international law.

参见

扩展阅读

Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119, ISBN 978-1138612945
Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Full text, English
The Global Museum on Communism about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
The Occupation museum of Latvia
GULAG 113 – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.

媒体及学术文章

Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
Alfred Erich Senn What Happened in Lithuania in 1940?(PDF)
The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
The Steel Curtain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 时代杂志, April 14, 1947
The Iron Heel （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 时代杂志, December 14, 1953

[1] [1]
Taagepera, Rein. Estonia: return to independence. Westview Press. 1993: 58. ISBN 9780813311999.

[2] [2]
Ziemele, Ineta. State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?. Baltic Yearbook of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff). 2003, 3: 165–190.

[kavass-3] [3]
Kavass, Igor I. Baltic States. W. S. Hein. 1972. The forcible military occupation and subsequent annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union remains to this day (written in 1972) one of the serious unsolved issues of international law

[4] [4]
Davies, Norman. Dear, Ian , 编. The Oxford companion to World War II. Michael Richard Daniell Foot. Oxford University Press. 2001: 85. ISBN 9780198604464.

[OPL-5] [5]
The Occupation of Latvia 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-11-23. at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia

[6] [6]
22 September 1944 from one occupation to another. Estonian Embassy in Washington. 2008-09-22 [2009-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-30）. For Estonia, World War II did not end, de facto, until 31 August 1994, with the final withdrawal of former Soviet troops from Estonian soil.

[7] [7]
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons. Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. 1985: 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9. On March 26, 1949, the US Department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.

[8] [8]
Fried, Daniel. U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship (PDF). June 14, 2007 [2009-04-29]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012年8月19日）. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.

[9] [9]
Lauterpacht, E.; C. J. Greenwood. International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. 1967: 62–63. ISBN 0-521-46380-7. The Court said: (256 N.Y.S.2d 196) " The Government of the United States has never recognized the forceful occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics nor does it recognize the absorption and incorporation of Latvia and Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist republics. The legality of the acts, laws and decrees of the puppet regimes set up in those countries by the USSR is not recognized by the United States, diplomatic or consular officers are not maintained in either Estonia or Latvia and full recognition is given to the Legations of Estonia and Latvia established and maintained here by the Governments in exile of those countries

[europarl.europa.eu-10] [10]
Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by the European Parliament, B6-0215/2007, 21.5.2007; passed 24.5.2007 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[11] [11]
Dehousse, Renaud. The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey. European Journal of International Law. 1993, 4 (1): 141 [2006-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）.

[12] [12]
European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-28）.

[ReferenceA-13] [13]
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States

[un-14] [14]
Seventh session Agenda item 9 (PDF). United Nations, Human Rights Council, Mission to Estonia. 17 March 2008 [2009-05-01]. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 assigned Estonia to the Soviet sphere of influence, prompting the beginning of the first Soviet occupation in 1940. After the German defeat in 1944, the second Soviet occupation started and Estonia became a Soviet republic.^{[永久失效链接]}

[malksoo-15] [15]
Mälksoo, Lauri. Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. 2003. ISBN 90-411-2177-3.

[16] [16]
"The Soviet Red Army retook Estonia in 1944, occupying the country for nearly another half century." (Frucht, Richard, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2005 ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6, p. 132

[17] [17]
Russia and Estonia agree borders. BBC. 18 May 2005 [April 29, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-12）. Five decades of almost unbroken Soviet occupation of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ended in 1991

[18] [18]
Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at UK Foreign Office

[autogenerated1-19] [19]
The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN 0-7166-0103-6

[20] [20]
The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN 0-313-32355-0

[21] [21]
Saburova, Irina. The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States. Russian Review (Blackwell Publishing). 1955, 14 (1): 36–49. JSTOR 126075. doi:10.2307/126075.

[22] [22]
See, for instance, position expressed by the European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-28）.

[23] [23]
"After the German occupation in 1941–44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." KOLK AND KISLYIY v. ESTONIA, [1] (European Court of Human Rights 17 January 2006).

[smith-24] [24]
David James Smith, Estonia: independence and European integration, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26728-5, pXIX

[Parrott_1995-25] [25]
Parrott, Bruce. Reversing Soviet Military Occupation. State building and military power in Russia and the new states of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe. 1995: 112–115. ISBN 1-56324-360-1. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.

[26] [26]
Van Elsuwege, Peter. Russian-speaking minorities in Estonian and Latvia: Problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union (PDF). Flensburg Germany: European Centre for Minority Issues. April 2004: 2 [2013-08-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23）. The forcible incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union in 1940, on the basis of secret protocols to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, is considered to be null and void. Even though the Soviet Union occupied these countries for a period of fifty years, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania continued to exist as subjects of international law.

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