耶书(希伯来语ישו ,Yeshu)指代 托塞夫塔巴比伦的塔木德Toledot Yeshu记述的一个或者多个人。托塞夫塔(c 200)和巴比伦的塔木德(c 500)rarely[1]Adin Steinsaltz认为耶书可能指生活在公元1或者2世纪的1个人。[2]还有一些学者认为他就是指耶稣。

本条目主要描述犹太教文献中的耶书(Yeshu)。関于希伯来语的类似发音的名字请参看耶书亚

词源

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The Greek transliteration Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) *jesu-os → [jeˈsus] can stand for both Classical Biblical Hebrew Yehoshua [jəhoˈʃuaʕ] (top two) and Late Biblical Hebrew Yeshua [jeˈʃuaʕ] (bottom). This later form developed within Hebrew (not Aramaic).[3] All three spelling variants occur in the Hebrew Bible, including when referring to the same person. During the Second Temple Period, Jews of Galilee tended to preserve the traditional spelling, keeping the <ו> letter for the [o] in the first syllable, even adding an additional letter for the [u] in the second syllable. However, Jews of Jerusalem tended to spell the name as they pronounced it, [jeˈʃuaʕ], contracting the spelling to ישוע without the [o] letter. Later, Aramaic references to the Hebrew Bible adopted the contracted phonetic form of this Hebrew name as an Aramaic name.

Yeshu一次源自希伯来语,是“拯救”、“传达”之意[4],在犹太人第二圣殿时期一直保持着这种用法,耶书一词在亚拉姆语和希伯来语圣经中被广泛使用:希伯来圣经中多次同时使用Yeshu和Joshua。

鉴定耶书和耶稣的关系

已知最早的巴比伦塔木德中出现的耶书被认为指的就是基督教中的耶稣,该说法源自中世纪,现代学者对此有各种不同观点[5]。部分当代学者认为这些段落指向基督教和基督徒描述的耶稣[6],另外一部分学者认为这些段落是后世拉比添加的内容[7][8],塔木德学者Johann Maier英语Johann Maier (talmudic scholar)认为米书拿和两个塔木德版本均没有记录耶稣[9]塔木德中关于耶稣的生活时间的描述是矛盾的,Sotah 47aSanhedrin 107中表示耶稣生活在Alexander Jannaeus的统治时期 (公元前103~ 前76年),但是Sanhedrin 43a中提到耶稣于公元200~500年之间被处死。

参考文献

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