理查一世（英语：Richard I；1157年9月8日—1199年4月6日）是中世纪英格兰王国的国王，也是阿基坦、诺曼底、加斯科涅公爵，塞浦路斯国王和普瓦捷、南斯、曼恩、安茹伯爵，同时在一段时间内数次成为布列塔尼君主，因骁勇善战而被誉为“狮心王”（法语：Cœur de Lion；英语：Richard the Lionheart）。理查一世作为虔诚的基督教教徒，毕生奉献于教廷发起的第三次十字军东征，并因于阿尔苏夫战役中击溃萨拉丁麾下穆斯林大军而一战成名[1]。
本来阿卡的穆斯林驻军被基督教世界军队包围，萨拉丁率领的更强大穆斯林军队又包围基督教世界军队，但理查德到来后不久就攻取阿卡。攻取阿卡后，理查德又与奥地利公爵利奥波德五世就战利品瓜分发生争吵，加上腓力回国，此时十字军远征遭受重创。这次十字军的领导者腓力二世和理查德之间芥蒂甚深。腓力处心积虑要夺回英格兰在法兰西王国的领地。理查德年轻时与腓力之姐法兰西的艾莉丝（英语：Alix of France）订婚，但理查德却认为艾莉丝是其父的情妇而坚决不娶。
绵延不绝的军事行动使理查德常感匮乏，一项关于宝藏的谣言激起他贪欲。法国沙露堡（英语：Château de Châlus-Chabrol）的利摩日子爵拒绝交出一大笔由农民发现的巨额黄金，因此理查德出兵包围该城堡，更扬言要绞死城裹全部居民。在包围的过程中，他一如既往身先士卒勇猛作战，却不慎被堡中发出的一支弩箭射中肩胛，本来想要拔除箭，不料箭头断入体内，10天后身亡，年42岁。临终前，他要求将遗体分为三份，心脏、头、身体分别埋葬，其中身体埋在其父亨利二世脚下，以示忏悔。
理查德身后没有婚生子嗣，只有一个被他认可的私生子干邑的腓力（英语：Philip of Cognac）。他的弟弟约翰继承了英格兰王位[6]，但法国领主们喜欢按现行继承法让他有更优先继承权的已故弟弟杰弗瑞的儿子阿蒂尔继承，拒绝臣服约翰[7]。理查德没有直系继承人成为安茹帝国解体的导火索[6]。此后的英格兰国王们尽管主张这些法国领地，却再也没能恢复理查德继位时的疆界。
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延伸阅读
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