拂菻罽婆

拂菻罽婆
ϕρoµo κησαρo
*"罗马恺撒"*
拂菻罽婆; ϕρoµo κησαρo; "罗马恺撒"
特勤，东方之王（钱铭）; 罽宾王（中文史料）
	拂菻罽婆的萨珊式银币，约公元738-745年。巴克特里亚语巴列维文字：ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo
罽宾国（突厥沙希王朝）王
统治	739-745年
前任	乌散特勤洒
继任	勃匐准

拂菻罽婆（巴克特里亚语：ϕρoµo κησαρo，意为罗马恺撒，?—?），是唐代罽宾国王。罽宾源于西突厥或混合的西突厥-嚈哒血统，在7至9世纪统治着从喀布尔和迦毕试到犍陀罗。^[3]拂菻罽娑，拂菻是唐朝对东罗马帝国的称呼。^[4]^[5]^[6]

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罽宾

突厥沙希王朝的大致位置

罗马恺撒名字的由来

从719年起，乌散特勤洒成为罽宾的国王。他在739年退位，传位给他的儿子拂菻罽婆。“拂菻罽婆”这个名字可能是“罗马恺撒”的对音，以纪念“恺撒”，这是当时东罗马皇帝利奥三世的头衔。利奥三世在717年击败了罗马和罽宾共同的敌人阿拉伯帝国。^[3]^[a]719年，利奥三世派使节穿越中亚，抵达中国。^[3]中国史料记载，开元七年（719年）正月，拂菻王派吐火罗的大首灵，进贡狮子和羚羊，各两只。几个月后，他又派大德僧来朝廷进贡。^[7]

738年、739年被唐朝授职

罽宾是中国唐朝的藩属国，经常派使者朝贡。公元738年，乌散特勤洒请求退位，让位给他的儿子拂菻罽婆。这些事件都记载在中国史籍上《册府元龟》上。^[8]

In the 27th year（唐玄宗开元）二十七年（739年），其王乌散特勒洒以年老，上表请以子（以嫡子）拂菻罽婆嗣位，许之，仍降使册命。
——《册府元龟·卷964》^[8]

与阿拉伯的冲突

喀布里斯坦是罽宾领域的中心地带，有时包括扎布里斯坦^[9]和健驮逻国。他们的一些铸币是在犍陀罗东部的罽宾冬都洪德（乌达班达普拉）铸造的。^[1]在他们的统治期间，罽宾与阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝的东扩不断发生冲突。^[3]大约650年，阿拉伯从西边进攻罽宾领土，并占领了喀布尔。^[3]但罽宾能够发动反攻并击退阿拉伯，夺回喀布尔和扎布里斯坦（加兹尼附近），以及远至坎大哈的阿拉霍西亚地区。^[3]阿拉伯在697-698年占领喀布尔和扎布里斯坦时失败，阿拉伯将军Yazid ibn Ziyad在战争中丧生。^[3]

拂菻罽婆似乎与阿拉伯进行了激烈的战斗。阿拉伯被迫向拂菻罽婆致敬，因为萨珊式银币和阿拉伯总督的硬币边缘的巴克特里亚语文字中描述了他对阿拉伯的胜利：^[10]

萨珊式银币正反面边缘^[11]^[12]
正面: ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo κιδo βo ταzικανo χoργo
背面:oδo σαo βo σαβαγo ατo ι µo βo γαινδo
拂菻罽婆，雄伟的君主，击败阿拉伯并向[对他们征税]。
——拂菻罽婆硬币^[10]^[13]^[12]^[b]

拂菻罽婆对阿拉伯的胜利，或许造就了西藏史诗格萨尔王的传奇。^[3]^[10]

继任

拂菻罽婆的钱币，约738-745年，前面的图例为ζηβoρo（意为κησαρo, kesaro "恺撒"）

钱币的头像

745年，拂菻罽婆向中国朝廷请求退位，让位给他的儿子勃匐准（他的名字只在中国史料中记载）。这些事件载入中国史书《旧唐书》和《唐会要》。^[14]

天宝四年（745年），又册其子勃匐准为袭罽宾及乌苌国王，仍授左骁卫将军
——《旧唐书·卷198》^[14]

拂菻罽婆在9世纪后期削弱了对抗阿拉伯的力量。^[3]坎大哈、喀布尔和扎布尔并入阿拉伯帝国，印度沙希接管了犍陀罗。在大约850年，喀布尔的最后一位沙希统治者Lagaturman被可能名为Vakkadeva的婆罗门废黜，^[15]^[16]^[17]标志着佛教的突厥沙希王朝的结束，以及喀布尔印度沙希王朝的开始。^[18]

注释

[a]
Martin 2011，第127页:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
[b]
The study of these new coins originally appeared in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII

参考

[1]
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1 January 1996: 380. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 （英语）. The legends are written only in Bactrian and Pahlavi scripts and languages. They run as follows: obverse (11 h) (1) GDH (2) ’p < zwt > (2 h) (1) bg (2) h. wtyp (The glory increased! The Majestic Sovereign); on the rim around, ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo (Fromo Kesaro, the Majestic Sovereign); reverse (10 h) ŠT’ (2 h) h. wndy ([minted in his] 6th [regnal year at] Hund).
[2]
Readings with photographs in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII
[3]
Kim, Hyun Jin. The Huns. Routledge. : 58–59. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4 （英语）.
[4]
Rahman, Abdur; Bopearachchi (Ed.), Osmund; Boussac (Ed.), Marie-Françoise. Afghanistan. Ancien Carrefour entre l'Est et l'Ouest (New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis) (PDF) XV. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. 2002: 37–41 [2022-10-30]. ISBN 2-503-51681-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-26）.
[5]
Inaba, Minoru; Balogh, Dániel. The legend of Xinnie in the seventh and eighth centuries. Balogh, Dániel (编). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. 2020: 103–107. ISBN 978-9-493-19401-4.
[6]
Piras, Andrea. FROMO KESARO. Echi del prestigio di Bisanzio in Asia Centrale, in Polidoro. Studi offerti ad Antonio Carile, a cura di G. Vespignani (Centro italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo), Spoleto 2013, pp. 671-690.: 681. [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）（英语）.
[7]
《旧唐书·卷198》: "开元七年正月，其主遣吐火罗大首领献狮子、羚羊各二。不数月，又遣大德僧来朝贡"。
[8]
Kuwayama, S. Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of papers (PDF). INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY. 2002: 195–196 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-06）.
[9]
15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at (Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna). [July 22, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-02）.
[10]
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1 January 1996: 381–382. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 （英语）.
[11]
"New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII
[12]
Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 1996: 374 [2022-10-30]. ISBN 92-3-103211-9. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.
[13]
Charlton, Evan. India in the ancient world. London: Macmillan. 1987. ISBN 9780333124291.
[14]
Kuwayama, S. Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of papers (PDF). INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY. 2002: 259 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-06）.
[15]
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189-224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, AFGHANISTAN REVISITED … Appendix –B, pp. 164-68
[16]
Raizada Harichand Vaid, Gulshane Mohyali, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
[17]
H. G. Raverty, Tr. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82
[18]
16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest. Pro.geo.univie.ac.at (Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna). [July 22, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）.

来源

Martin, Dan. Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet. Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (编). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. 2011: 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.

前任者：乌散特勤洒	突厥沙希王朝 738-745年	继任者：勃匐准

[7] [a]
Martin 2011，第127页:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."

[15] [b]
The study of these new coins originally appeared in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII

[legend-1] [1]
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1 January 1996: 380. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 （英语）. The legends are written only in Bactrian and Pahlavi scripts and languages. They run as follows: obverse (11 h) (1) GDH (2) ’p < zwt > (2 h) (1) bg (2) h. wtyp (The glory increased! The Majestic Sovereign); on the rim around, ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo (Fromo Kesaro, the Majestic Sovereign); reverse (10 h) ŠT’ (2 h) h. wndy ([minted in his] 6th [regnal year at] Hund).

[2] [2]
Readings with photographs in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII

[HJK58-3] [3]
Kim, Hyun Jin. The Huns. Routledge. : 58–59. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4 （英语）.

[AR37-4] [4]
Rahman, Abdur; Bopearachchi (Ed.), Osmund; Boussac (Ed.), Marie-Françoise. Afghanistan. Ancien Carrefour entre l'Est et l'Ouest (New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis) (PDF) XV. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. 2002: 37–41 [2022-10-30]. ISBN 2-503-51681-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-26）.

[Inaba_Balogh-5] [5]
Inaba, Minoru; Balogh, Dániel. The legend of Xinnie in the seventh and eighth centuries. Balogh, Dániel (编). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. 2020: 103–107. ISBN 978-9-493-19401-4.

[Fromo_Kesaro-6] [6]
Piras, Andrea. FROMO KESARO. Echi del prestigio di Bisanzio in Asia Centrale, in Polidoro. Studi offerti ad Antonio Carile, a cura di G. Vespignani (Centro italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo), Spoleto 2013, pp. 671-690.: 681. [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）（英语）.

[8] [7]
《旧唐书·卷198》: "开元七年正月，其主遣吐火罗大首领献狮子、羚羊各二。不数月，又遣大德僧来朝贡"。

[未命名-20230318192150-9] [8]
Kuwayama, S. Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of papers (PDF). INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY. 2002: 195–196 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-06）.

[Turk_Shahi-10] [9]
15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at (Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna). [July 22, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-02）.

[Overstrike-11] [10]
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1 January 1996: 381–382. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 （英语）.

[12] [11]
"New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, plates. XI-XIII

[Inscription-13] [12]
Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 1996: 374 [2022-10-30]. ISBN 92-3-103211-9. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.

[14] [13]
Charlton, Evan. India in the ancient world. London: Macmillan. 1987. ISBN 9780333124291.

[未命名_2-20230318192150-16] [14]
Kuwayama, S. Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of papers (PDF). INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY. 2002: 259 [2022-10-30]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-06-06）.

[17] [15]
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189-224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, AFGHANISTAN REVISITED … Appendix –B, pp. 164-68

[18] [16]
Raizada Harichand Vaid, Gulshane Mohyali, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.

[19] [17]
H. G. Raverty, Tr. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82

[Zabul-20] [18]
16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest. Pro.geo.univie.ac.at (Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna). [July 22, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）.

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