扎格柔斯

扎格柔斯或译为扎格列欧斯、扎格留斯、匝格瑞俄斯（Zagreus，希腊语：Ζαγρεύς），有时祂被认定为俄耳甫斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇，是最初的酒神，乃宙斯与珀耳塞福涅所生之子，曾遭受提坦的支解并且又获重生。^[1]最早提及扎格柔斯的神话中，祂与大地女神盖亚是婚配关系并被尊为“至高”之神，不过有可能仅仅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯库罗斯却把黑帝斯与扎格柔斯关系作了联系，认为祂可能为黑帝斯之子，亦或与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。^[2]值得注意的是“黑帝斯被认定成宙斯在阴间的另一神格（Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios^[3] alter ego）”，有“阴间宙斯”称号，提摩西·甘茨（英语：Timothy Gantz）（Timothy Gantz）则假设最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，后来与俄耳甫斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯（本身为宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子）身份等同。^[4]

词源

有关扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus的来源，正如同卡尔·克雷尼（英语：Károly Kerényi）（Karl Kerényi）根据赫西丘斯训诂（the Hesychian gloss）^[5]所解释的那样：爱奥尼亚希腊语中捕捉活猎物的猎人被称为zagreus，而zagre这字根其意思是“捕捉活猎物的坑（pit for the capture of live animals）”。^[6]克雷尼这么说道“我们可以合理来质问，为何如此神话般伟大猎人，乃野生动物捕捉者而非屠杀者，到希腊却转变成冥界的神秘神灵呢？（We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?）”^[7]克雷尼也将扎格柔斯形象与古老酒神仪式联系起来，认为小动物遭肢解被生啖其肉，“此非希腊酒神教派作风，而是史前宗教仪式转化或遗留之习俗（not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite）”。^[8][9]

古希腊宗教观的冥界

更多信息：黑帝斯、冥界 (希腊神话)、水仙平原、塔耳塔罗斯和至福乐土

早期仅于亡佚作品的片段中有提及扎格柔斯，^[10]当中已将希腊冥界与扎格柔斯做了连结。最早是出现于《阿尔克迈翁诗（英语：Alcmeonis）》（Alcmeonis，公元前六世纪？）单独引述的诗句：

中译：大地之母〔盖亚〕，以及诸神中至尊扎格柔斯。
原文英译：Mistress Earth [Gaia], and Zagreus highest of all the gods.

也许此处是指祂乃冥界最高神。^[11]

显然地，对于埃斯库罗斯而言扎格柔斯实质上就是冥界神灵。在埃斯库罗斯失传剧作《西西弗斯》（Sisyphus，约公元前五世纪）当中的一段诗句谈到，扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子，^[12]但在埃斯库罗另一作品《埃及人》（Aigyptioi）里，扎格柔斯看来又被认为与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。^[13]从欧里庇得斯遗佚剧作《克里特人》（Cretan Men or Kretes）片段中，歌队将他们自己描述为伊达山（英语：Mount Ida (Crete)）宙斯（希腊神话中，伊达山有一处宙斯出生的穴窟──伊达洞府〔Idaean Cave〕，此山被视作祂母亲提坦既时光女神──雷亚圣地）启蒙者以及“夜游扎格柔斯，执行祂生肉盛宴（night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh）”仪式的司祭。^[14][9]

俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯·扎格柔斯

更多信息：法涅斯、俄耳甫斯教、狄俄倪索斯秘仪和俄耳甫斯蛋

狄俄倪索斯马赛克镶嵌画，出自泽乌玛马赛克博物馆（英语：Zeugma Mosaic Museum）（Zeugma Mosaic Museum）波塞冬馆（the House of Poseidon）

在欧里庇得斯断章残篇中所述的扎格柔斯让人联想到宙斯和塞墨勒（Semele）之子──酒神狄俄倪索斯，^[15]事实上，尽管“扎格柔斯”并没有出现在俄耳甫斯教发源地（色雷斯）的任何一处，但此名号在其他地方已被认定就是俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯（同体异名），而且其神话传说与其他普遍流传的版本截然不同。^[16]此尊狄俄倪索斯乃宙斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，在婴儿时期，祂惨遭提坦迫害及肢解，而后又重生成为宙斯和塞墨勒之子。

大众文化

参见：黑帝斯 (游戏)

2020年由超级巨人游戏工作室发行的电子游戏《黑帝斯》游戏内容，扎格柔斯被设定成本作主角。^[17][18]游戏中，作为黑帝斯之子的扎格柔斯（游戏中文版翻译为扎格列欧斯）试图逃出冥界去寻找母亲珀耳塞福涅，并了解其母离开的原因。^[19]

注释

1. Gantz, p. 118; Hard, p. 35 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456.
2. Sommerstein, p. 237 n. 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, p. 459.
3. katachthonios本意为地下的意思。
4. Gantz, p. 119.
5. 赫西丘斯训诂（the Hesychian gloss）是拜占廷史家、文学传记作家──米利都的赫西丘斯（英语：Hesychius of Miletus）（Hesychius of Miletus，活跃于西元六世纪）对古典希腊词汇所做之注释。
6. Kerényi, p. 82, quotes Hesychius（英语：Hesychius of Miletus）, who gives characteristically Ionian Greek endings.
7. Kerényi, pp. 83–84.
8. Kerényi, p. 85.
9. 佛教立场不杀生祭祀。
10. Gantz, p. 118; West 1983, p. 153.
11. Alcmeonis（英语：Alcmeonis） fr. 3. According to West 2003, p. 41 n. 17: "The line perhaps comes from a prayer in which Alcmaon called upon the powers of the earth to send up his father Amphiaraus."
12. Aeschylus, fr. 228 (Sommerstein, pp. 236, 237 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）).
13. Aeschylus, fr. 5; Sommerstein, p. 237 n. 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, p. 459.
14. Euripides, fr. 472 (Collard & Cropp, pp. 538, 539 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）); West 1983, p. 153.
15. West 1983, p. 154.
16. According to Gantz, p. 118, 'Orphic sources preserved seem not to use the name "Zagreus", and according to West 1983, p. 153, the 'name was probably not used in the Orphic narrative'. Edmonds 1999, p. 37 n. 6 says: 'Lobeck 1892 seems to be responsible for the use of the name Zagreus for the Orphic Dionysos. As Linforth noticed, "It is a curious thing that the name Zagreus does not appear in any Orphic poem or fragment, nor is it used by any author who refers to Orpheus" (Linforth 1941:311 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）). In his reconstruction of the story, however, Lobeck made extensive use of the fifth-century CE epic of Nonnos, who does use the name Zagreus, and later scholars followed his cue. The association of Dionysos with Zagreus appears first explicitly in a fragment of Callimachus preserved in the Etymologicum Magnum (fr. 43.117 P), with a possible earlier precedent in the fragment from Euripides Cretans (fr. 472 Nauck). Earlier evidence, however, (e.g., Alkmaionis fr. 3 PEG; Aeschylus frr. 5, 228) suggests that Zagreus was often identified with other deities.'
17. Wiltshire, Alex. How Hades plays with Greek myths. Rock Paper Shotgun. February 12, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-09）. Farokhmanesh, Megan. Hades almost starred its worst character. The Verge. March 5, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-29）.
18. What 'Hades' Can Teach Us About Ancient Greek Masculinity. Wired. January 16, 2021 [2021-09-20]. ISSN 1059-1028. （原始内容存档于2022-12-04） （美国英语）. Hades focuses on Zagreus, who plays such a minor role in myth that, as the titular god of the underworld’s son, he makes a great canvas to fill in for the player character.
19. Gailloreto, Coleman. Does Hades Depict Greek Mythology Authentically?. Screen Rant. August 27, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-17）. Thier, Dave. Spoilers: It's Time To Talk About Hades' Staggering Ending. Forbes. September 28, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: History Respawned: Hades. YouTube. October 30, 2020 [March 19, 2021].

相关条目

• 俄耳甫斯教
• 俄耳甫斯蛋
• 轮回 (古希腊)
• 法涅斯
• 狄俄倪索斯
• 冥界 (希腊神话)
• 至福乐土
• 水仙平原
• 狄俄倪索斯秘仪（英语：Dionysian Mysteries）
• 宇宙蛋（英语：World-Egg）
• 亡魂路引（英语：Totenpass）（或译为亡魂通行证、亡魂通行金片）
• 希腊罗马密教
• 珀耳塞福涅

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延伸阅读

• Ménard, Jacques E. "Le mythe de Dionysos Zagreus chez Philon". In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 42, fascicule 4, 1968. pp. 339–345. doi:10.3406/rscir.1968.2519.
• Pencova, Elka. "À propos du Dionysos thrace". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 20, n°2, 1994. pp. 151–154. doi:10.3406/dha.1994.2183.
• Verhelst, Berenice. "As Multiform as Dionysus: New Perspectives on Nonnus’ Dionysiaca". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 82, 2013. pp. 267–278. doi:10.3406/antiq.2013.3840.

外部链接

• 研究古希腊众神专网中关于扎格柔斯的条目 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）