手语拼写法

手语拼写法（英语：Fingerspelling or Manual alphabet，简称：手拼法，又称：指拼法或指拼手语或手语字母），是一种在文字中字母的表达模式，有时还会出现记数系统，但是仅仅用的是双手。而这些由手表达出来的字母经常被用在聋人教育（英语：Deaf education），后来被采纳为手语独特的一部分，全世界大约有40种手语拼写字母的版本^[1]，从历史的观点来看，手语拼写法还有更多的用途，包含了使用密码、记忆术以及无声的宗教设置。

历史

有许多作家曾建议在希腊、罗马、埃及和亚述文物身体和手被用来代表字母^[2]。毋庸置疑的是“手指演算”系统被广泛使用，并且最多只能表示10,000的号码^[3] ；中东至今仍正在使用中。当然也有一些手语拼写法来代替实务，被誉为希伯来字母代码也是相通的，很有可能这两种用法可以做组合，来产生一目手指演算的列表。已知最早的手语字母，是位于8世纪的诺森布里亚王国由本笃会僧侣彼得的一段描述^[4]。当由比德所描述拉丁语和希腊语之手语字母平时的目的是不见经传，他们不太可能透过该用法来向聋人沟通，即使后来比德在有生之年失去自己的听觉，历史学家洛伊丝·布拉格的结论这些字母是“只有小孩子气的游戏而已”^[5]。

1938年由罗伯特·亚历山大·斯图尔特·麦卡利斯特开始^[6]，有几位作家纷纷猜测5世纪的爱尔兰甘文维脚本，而它的五进制字母系统，却传达自手语字母，甚至是比僧侣彼得更早^[7]。

到后来其他欧洲的僧侣遇到彼得，至少会以手势来做沟通。对于一些原因：修道院彼此之间的沟通无论是给病人服用药品，还是作为记忆的设备管理，其实他们都同时观察彼此沉默的誓约。当然他们也可以用作密码或者是暗号来作为彼此之间谨慎与保密的通信。目前所使用许多手语字母，其来历非常清楚，可能它来自于16世纪由西班牙和意大利修士出版的书籍^[8]。同一时间，僧侣就如同本笃会弗赖·佩德罗·庞塞·德莱昂对于富裕的顾客的聋小孩开始补习，毕竟在法律层面有提到“识字是继承人对自己的小孩要有所需求”，于是手语字母已经找到新的用途^[9]。其实他们也早该发现口跟手是身里机能的一部分。第一部为聋人所建立的书籍是在马德里于1620年由胡安·巴勃罗·博内特的创作，书中详细介绍如何透过手语字母来传授聋哑的学生阅读和说话^[10]。

就此同时，在英国也出现手语字母的使用目的，像是保密通信^[11]、公开讲话、对于聋人的沟通使用^[12]。1648年，约翰·布尔沃描述著“雇主巴宾顿”，虽是一名聋人，但是平时训练自己的手语拼写法，也就是说“透过灵活的手指关节来做出动作”，既使在自己人生的黑暗中，透过该方法，能够与他的妻子互相沟通^[13]。1680年，乔治·达尔加诺所出版的《Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor》，书中提出作者自己对于聋人教育的看法，当然也包括“关节的”字母，其中每一个字母指向手指或者手掌的关节位置各有不同来表示字母的含意，听其他的聋人说使用关节的系统已有一段时间；根据一些人猜测他们可以追溯到早期甘文维的手语字母^[14]^[15]。这些字母的母音已幸存于英国、澳洲、新西兰手语所用的当代风格之字母。现今所使用双手比出字母的声母，早就出现在1968年的印刷图像《手指类语言》，也就是在一位连一句话都说不出来的匿名作者的一本小册子中^[16]。为了要保持沉默、保密或者是纯粹娱乐，他也建议过手语字母可以在静音的环境下使用，其九封可以追溯到更早字母的信件，加上另外17封包含现代双手比出字母的信件被发现，进而促成了现在26个手语字母。

查尔斯德拉翅片在1692年所出版的书籍当中描述一系列的字母系统，有一部分的身体部位可表示其中第一个字母（实例：Brow=B ，眉毛B），子音位于指尖，可用于其他英语系统^[17]。他描述代码可以是英语或拉丁语。

1720年，英国手语字母或多或少地发现它的目前形式^[18]。在前英国殖民地印度、澳大利亚、新西兰、乌干达和南非，字母表的后代已被广泛用于聋人社区或者教室，当然也出现在各个共和国和前南斯拉夫、加勒比的大开曼岛、印度尼西亚、挪威、德国及美国的省份。

《Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos》的版画 （1620年博内特的作品）：

A.
B, C, D.
E, F, G.
H, I, L.
M, N.
O, P, Q.
R, S, T.
V, X, Y, Z.

参见

手语
聋人教育（英语：Deaf education）

参考资料

[1]
Zaitseva, Galina. Jestovaia rech. Dak't'ilologia. (Sign speech. Dactylology.) Vlados. Moscow. 2004. p. 12
[2]
Barrois, J. (1850). Dactylologie et langage primitif. Paris 1850; Firmin Didot freres.
[3]
Alföldi-Rosenbaum, E. (1971). The finger calculus in antiquity and in the Middle Ages: Studies on Roman game counters part I. Friihmiltelalterliche Studien, 6, 1-9.
See also: Menninger, K. (1958). Number words and number symbols: A cultural history of numbers. Translated by Paul Broneer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. (p. 201). Originally published as Zahlwort und Ziffer (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht).
[4]
Bede. (AD 710). De Computo vel Loguela per Gestum Digitorum ("Of counting or speaking with the fingers"), preface to De temporum ratione ("On the reckoning of time"). Illustrated in AD 1140, National Library, Madrid.
[5]
Bragg, Lois (1997). Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2:1 Winter 1997
[6]
Macalister, R. A. S. (1928). The Archaeology of Ireland. London: Meuthen
[7]
See, for example: Graves, Robert, (1948). The White Goddess.
[8]
Cosma-Rossellios R.P.F. (1579) "Thesavrvs Artificiosae Memoriae", Venice.
Fray Melchor de Yebra, (1593) Refugium Infirmorum
[9]
Plann, Susan. (1997). A Silent Minority: Deaf Education in Spain, 1550-1835. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[10]
Juan Pablo Bonet (1620). Reducción de las letras y Arte para enseñar á hablar los Mudos ("The Adaptation of Letters and Art of Teaching Mutes to Speak"). Published by Francisco Abarca de Angulo, Madrid.
[11]
Wilkins, John (1641). Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116-117)
[12]
John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by Deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public speaking.
[13]
Bulwer, J. (1648) Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend, London: Humphrey and Moseley.
[14]
Session 9. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07 [2010-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-02）.
[15]
Montgomery, G. "The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" Sign Language Studies 2(3) (2002): 322-334.
[16]
Moser H.M., O'Neill J.J., Oyer H.J., Wolfe S.M., Abernathy E.A., and Schowe, B.M. "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication" Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 25 (1960) 145-151. and Hay, A. and Lee, R. A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet (British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlsex, 2004)
[17]
Charles de La Fin (1692). Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent ... London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692. OCLC 27245872
[18]
Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"

历史教科书

Bonet, Juan Pablo (1620). Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Scan from Biblioteca Histórica de la Universidad de Sevilla.
Dalgarno, George (1834). Didascalocophus, Or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in The Works of George Dalgarno of Aberdeen (Maitland Club publications 29) pp. 110–160.
Rossellius, Cosmas (1579). Thesaurus Artificiosae Memoriae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） p. 101-105.
Wilkins, John (1641) Mercvry, or, the Secret and Swift Messenger （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
de Yebra, Melchor (1593) Refugium Infirmorum （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Refuge of the Sick)

外部链接

Fingerspell （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）：免费，线上提供ASL（美国手语）手语拼写法的实用性网站。
ASL Fingerspelling Resource Site （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）：免费线上提供手语拼写法的课程、问题以及活动。
Fingerspell Flashcards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）实验性ASL，线上提供德语及瑞士德语的拼法。
ASL Fingerspelling Resources 免费提供线上手语拼写法的资源，包含字母表、写字板以及游戏。
ASL Fingerspelling App 免费提供简单、优美的ASL手语拼写法的运用。

[1] [1]
Zaitseva, Galina. Jestovaia rech. Dak't'ilologia. (Sign speech. Dactylology.) Vlados. Moscow. 2004. p. 12

[2] [2]
Barrois, J. (1850). Dactylologie et langage primitif. Paris 1850; Firmin Didot freres.

[3] [3]
Alföldi-Rosenbaum, E. (1971). The finger calculus in antiquity and in the Middle Ages: Studies on Roman game counters part I. Friihmiltelalterliche Studien, 6, 1-9.
See also: Menninger, K. (1958). Number words and number symbols: A cultural history of numbers. Translated by Paul Broneer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. (p. 201). Originally published as Zahlwort und Ziffer (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht).

[4] [4]
Bede. (AD 710). De Computo vel Loguela per Gestum Digitorum ("Of counting or speaking with the fingers"), preface to De temporum ratione ("On the reckoning of time"). Illustrated in AD 1140, National Library, Madrid.

[5] [5]
Bragg, Lois (1997). Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2:1 Winter 1997

[6] [6]
Macalister, R. A. S. (1928). The Archaeology of Ireland. London: Meuthen

[7] [7]
See, for example: Graves, Robert, (1948). The White Goddess.

[8] [8]
Cosma-Rossellios R.P.F. (1579) "Thesavrvs Artificiosae Memoriae", Venice.
Fray Melchor de Yebra, (1593) Refugium Infirmorum

[9] [9]
Plann, Susan. (1997). A Silent Minority: Deaf Education in Spain, 1550-1835. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[10] [10]
Juan Pablo Bonet (1620). Reducción de las letras y Arte para enseñar á hablar los Mudos ("The Adaptation of Letters and Art of Teaching Mutes to Speak"). Published by Francisco Abarca de Angulo, Madrid.

[11] [11]
Wilkins, John (1641). Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116-117)

[12] [12]
John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by Deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public speaking.

[13] [13]
Bulwer, J. (1648) Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend, London: Humphrey and Moseley.

[14] [14]
Session 9. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07 [2010-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-02）.

[15] [15]
Montgomery, G. "The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" Sign Language Studies 2(3) (2002): 322-334.

[16] [16]
Moser H.M., O'Neill J.J., Oyer H.J., Wolfe S.M., Abernathy E.A., and Schowe, B.M. "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication" Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 25 (1960) 145-151. and Hay, A. and Lee, R. A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet (British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlsex, 2004)

[17] [17]
Charles de La Fin (1692). Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent ... London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692. OCLC 27245872

[18] [18]
Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"

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