叙利亚巴勒斯坦

叙利亚巴勒斯坦又称罗马巴勒斯坦， ^[1][2][3]是公元2世纪初至4世纪初罗马帝国在巴勒斯坦地区设置的一个罗马行省。该省省会位于滨海凯撒利亚。

一世纪和二世纪时期，巴勒斯坦地区爆发犹太－罗马战争^[4]以及巴尔科赫巴起义。 ^[5][6][7][8]巴尔科赫巴起义失败后，巴勒斯坦地区的犹太人数量急剧减少。 ^[9]

132年，罗马帝国在原来的犹大行省基础上重新设立了叙利亚巴勒斯坦省。省会所在地依然不变^[10][11]。犹太人被禁止在耶路撒冷及其附近定居。戴克里先执政时他将佩特拉阿拉伯的部分地区（即内盖夫和西奈半岛）划入叙利亚巴勒斯坦省。他还下令第十海峡军团从耶路撒冷迁至阿依拉（今日的埃拉特/亚喀巴）^[12]。

在古代晚期，基督教逐渐取代犹太教成为当地的主流宗教。4世纪至5世纪期间，该省被划分成数个小省^[13]。

参考文献

1. Roman Palestine. Britnannica. [2023-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）.
2. Trevor Bryce, 2009, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
3. Roland de Vaux, 1978, The Early History of Israel, Page 2: "After the revolt of Bar Cochba in 135, the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Palestinian Syria."
4. Westwood, Ursula. A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74. Journal of Jewish Studies. 2017-04-01, 68 (1): 189–193 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0022-2097. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.
5. Taylor, J. E. The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. 15 November 2012 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 AD, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
6. Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21
7. Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim. Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 2021, 34 (2): 585–607. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271  （英语）. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
8. Mor, Menahem. The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. 2016-04-18: 483–484 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. （原始内容存档于2022-08-20）. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
9. Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
10. H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
11. Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6
12. Notitia Dignitatum, Kap. 34.
13. Yaron Dan: Palaestina Salutaris (Tertia) and its Capital. In: Israel Exploration Journal. Band 32, Nummer 2/3, 1982, S. 134–137.