美利坚联盟国陆军

联盟国陆军
联盟国陆军
	南军战旗; “南方十字旗”
存在时期	1861–1865
国家或地区	美利坚联盟国
种类	陆军
规模	合计服役人数1,082,119 1863年鼎盛期有464,646名士兵;
直属	联盟战争部
专用颜色	(军灰色/军服灰)
进行曲	"迪克西"
参与战役	北美印第安战争 Cortina Troubles（英语：Cortina Troubles）; ; 美国南北战争桑特堡战役; 第一次马纳沙斯之役; 威尔逊克里克战役; Forts Henry（英语：Battle of Fort Henry）和唐奈尔森堡之役; 谢南多亚河; 南米尔斯之役; Richmond（英语：Battle of Richmond）; Harpers Ferry（英语：Battle of Harpers Ferry）; Munfordville（英语：Battle of Munfordville）; 谢泼德镇战役; Chambersburg Raid（英语：Chambersburg Raid）; Mississippi River（英语：Mississippi River campaigns in the American Civil War）; 弗吉尼亚半岛会战; 夏罗之役; 河谷会战; 第二次马纳沙斯之役; 南山之战; 安提塔姆之役; 赫斯维尔之役; 弗雷德里克堡之役; 斯通河之战; 钱瑟勒斯维尔之役; 葛底斯堡之役; 维克斯堡攻城战; Corydon（英语：Battle of Corydon）; 奇卡莫加之役; 查塔努加; 莽原之役; 亚特兰大会战; 史波特斯凡尼亚郡府战役; Sabine Pass（英语：Second Battle of Sabine Pass）; New Hope Church（英语：Battle of New Hope Church）; Pickett's Mill（英语：Battle of Pickett's Mill）; 冷泉港之役; 普利茅斯之役; 枕头堡之战; 彼得斯堡攻城战; 圣奥尔本斯; Kennesaw Mountain（英语：Battle of Kennesaw Mountain）; Jonesborough（英语：Battle of Jonesborough）; Franklin（英语：Battle of Franklin (1864)）; Nashville（英语：Battle of Nashville）; ; Appomattox Court House（英语：Battle of Appomattox Court House）;
指挥官
最高统帅	杰弗逊·戴维斯 (末任)
总指挥官	罗伯特·E·李 (末任)

美利坚联盟国陆军（Confederate State Army），即美国南北战争(美国内战 1861–1865)时期南方联盟方面陆军，亦称联盟军（Confederate Army）、南军（Southern Army）。在美国南北战争期间，联盟军主要与北方联邦军作战^[3]，最高目标是击败联邦军并争取美利坚联盟国成为一个独立的国家。

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1861年2月28日，临时性的邦联议会授予美利坚联盟国总统杰弗逊·戴维斯征召和集结南方志愿军以及拟定作战计划的权利。戴维斯本人毕业于西点军校，美墨战争中曾在美国志愿军中担任一个团的上校。联盟国的军事统帅几乎全属合众国海陆军退役军人。他们辞去合众国政府中之职务而转任于联盟国军方高级职位。联盟国军官则大多由南方名流组成，校级与尉军官多为16至28岁的白人男性，而校级以下的军官由联盟国依征召顺位选出。虽说联盟国并未设立陆军官校，南方许多大学（如维吉尼亚军校）的官校生团在战争爆发后成为南方军事统帅的种子力量。

由于邦联的记录不完整或被破坏的原因，现在已不可能准确地计算邦联军队中服役的总人数。但大致估计上，联盟军士兵的人数在75至100万之间；而这不包括数量不明的在驱使下被迫执行例如建造防御工事、驾驶马车等各类军事任务的奴隶人数^[4]。这个数字是对战争期间任何时候服役过的南方士兵的总数估计，因此并不能代表任何给定日期时的军队人数，也不包括在联盟国海军服役的士兵。至战事后期，连12岁的小男孩也加入战斗。另一方面，联盟国甚至曾倡议组成全由黑人组成的军团，并打算通过议案让志愿为联盟国服役的奴隶们获得自由。

经管大多数南北战争中的士兵都属志愿役，1862年后交战双方都开始对国内男性民众推行征召兵役制--主要是为了在征兵登记后，鼓励民众志愿服役。尽管没有详细的资料记载，但联盟军中征召士兵的占比大约是联邦军6%这一数字的两倍^[5]。南方的伤亡记录亦不完整或被破坏，因此只有大致估计的数字：94,000名战斗中战死或受致命伤，164,000名因疾病导致的的非战斗减员，以及31,000名死于北方所设战俘营内的南方士兵。这仍不包括估计因事故等原因导致的数千名非战斗减员^[6]。

在1865年4月逃离首都里士满后，联盟国政府在事实上已经完全瓦解，政府首脑也已无法指挥联盟国军队。联盟军的主要组成力量，罗伯特·E·李指挥的北弗吉尼亚军团在1865年4月9日投降（4月12日正式投降）；而剩余由约瑟夫·E·约翰斯通指挥的田纳西军团等一系列残余联盟军队主要陆军力量在1865年4月18日投降（4月26日正式投降）。其它联盟陆军在1865年4月16日至6月28日期间陆续向美利坚合众国陆军投降^[7]。李和约翰斯通的投降事实上宣告了联盟国的灭亡。战争期间，超过100,000名联盟军士兵逃离军队^[8]，有甚者估计有高达三分之一的联盟军士兵逃亡^[9]。

军事领袖

罗伯特·李（弗吉尼亚）-陆军统帅
阿尔伯特·西德尼·约翰斯顿（英语：Albert Sidney Johnston）（肯塔基）-将军
约瑟夫·E·约翰斯顿（弗吉尼亚）-将军
布拉克斯顿·布拉格（英语：Braxton Bragg）（北卡罗莱那）-将军
P·G·T·博雷加德（路易西安那）-将军
萨缪尔·库珀（英语：Samuel Cooper (general)）（新泽西）-将军（参谋长、陆军高阶将领）
詹姆斯·隆史崔特（南卡罗莱那）-中将
石墙杰森（弗吉尼亚）-中将
安布罗斯·鲍威尔·希尔（弗吉尼亚）-中将
具伯·尔利（弗吉尼亚）-中将
约翰·贝尔·胡德（英语：John Bell Hood）（得克萨斯）-中将
韦德·汉普顿（英语：Wade Hampton III）（南卡罗莱那）中将
内森·贝德福德·福雷斯特（田纳西）-中将
詹姆斯·尤厄尔·布朗·斯图尔特（弗吉尼亚）-少将
爱德华·波特·亚历山大（乔治亚）-准将
李察·加耐特（弗吉尼亚）-准将
路易斯·亚米斯德（弗吉尼亚）-准将
威廉·亚尔内尔·史莱克（西部）-准将
莱奥尼达斯·波尔克（英语：Leonidas Polk）（田纳西及路易西安那）-主教、将军

注释与参考文献

[1]
Civil War Facts. American Battlefield Trust. August 16, 2011 [2020-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-03）.
[2]
C.S. War Dept., p. 402.
[3]
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery, the state capital of Alabama, adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States.
[4]
Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable, but still are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.
[5]
Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924).
[6]
In comparison, the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175.
[7]
Confederate forces at Mobile, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus, Georgia, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.
[8]
Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 1988: 15 [2020-02-16]. ISBN 9780062035868. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.
[9]
Hamner, Christopher. Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org. teachinghistory.org. [3 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）（英语）.

[1] [1]
Civil War Facts. American Battlefield Trust. August 16, 2011 [2020-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-03）.

[2] [2]
C.S. War Dept., p. 402.

[3] [3]
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery, the state capital of Alabama, adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States.

[4] [4]
Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable, but still are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.

[5] [5]
Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924).

[6] [6]
In comparison, the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175.

[7] [7]
Confederate forces at Mobile, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus, Georgia, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.

[8] [8]
Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 1988: 15 [2020-02-16]. ISBN 9780062035868. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）.

[9] [9]
Hamner, Christopher. Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org. teachinghistory.org. [3 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）（英语）.

[3]

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