union of graphs), 图乘积,包括图的笛卡尔乘积(英语:cartesian product of graphs)、图的张量积(英语:tensor product of graphs)、图的强乘积(英语:strong product of graphs)、图的字典积等, 图的串并联(英语:series–parallel
Networks: Theory and Analysis, Wiley, 1985 ISBN 0471085286. Cruickshank, A. J. O., "Matrix formulation of control system equations", The Matrix and Tensor Quarterly