example by rotation or stretching of the coordinate system, then the components of the vector also transform. The vector itself has not changed, but the reference
其中A是2 × 2的係數矩陣(英语:coefficient matrix),而x = (x, y)是二個自變量組成的座標向量(英语:coordinatevector)。 此系統可以解析求解,例如積分下式: d y d x = C x + D y A x + B y {\displaystyle {\frac