蝉科(学名:Cicadidae)是蝉总科下的一科,其下物种通称为蝉,其特色为雄虫腹胸交界处有发声器,收缩振动而产生很大的鸣叫声,雌虫则无此器官;成虫与若虫均头宽大于胸宽,且具两突出的复眼,均吸食植物汁液为生,惟若虫于地下挖洞穴居,成熟后爬上树干羽化,成虫四翅薄而多为透明。因其鸣叫声音,又俗称“知了”,或作:蛭
蝉科 化石时期:古新世晚期至今,
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日本暮蝉(Tanna japonensis) | |
卡氏十七年蝉(Magicicada cassini) | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
亚目: | 颈喙亚目 Auchenorrhyncha |
下目: | 蝉下目 Cicadomorpha |
总科: | 蝉总科 Cicadoidea |
科: | 蝉科 Cicadidae Westwood, 1840 |
亚科[注 1] | |
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蝉科广泛分布于全球温带至热带地区(已知纪录约2500种蝉)。一些分布于沙漠地区的种类,当体温过热时,会从背板(tergum)排出多余的水分,进而达到冷却及散热的效果(原理与人类流汗类似)。[2][3]
名称
汉字中“蝉”最早出现于商代至西周间,构造上属于形声字。形符“虫”为“虫”的古字,在当时是对动物的泛称(五虫);而声符“单”亦兼表字义,带有“发出声响”的意涵。
古人对蝉的称呼有:蜩[注 2][注 3]、螗[注 4](较小的蝉)[4][5]、蜺[注 5](寒蝉)、𧔢[6][注 6]、䗃[注 7]、䗁[注 8]、蝒[注 9](声响的大黑蝉)、螓[注 10](方头广额的小蝉)、蠽[注 11]、五色、日暮、丕蜩、茅蜩、秋蜩、蚱蝉(同蝒)[7]、寒蜩[注 12]、寒螀[注 13]、螂蜩[注 14]、蜻蜻、蜓蛛、蜩螗[8]、螗蜩(不同于蜩螗,为一种小蝉)[9][10]、蟪蛄、螗蛦[注 15]、马蜩、蛁蟟[注 16][11]、螇螰[注 17][11]、蝭蟧[注 18][12][13]。
蝉的英语 cicada 源自拉丁语,意指“栖息于树上,像蟋蟀一样会鸣叫的”;但英语有时称蝉为 locust[14],尽管与蝗虫没有确切关系。希腊语为 τέττῑξ / téttīx (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 或 τζίτζικας / tzítzikas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),两者皆为拟声词,即模仿蝉的鸣声。
特征
大多数蝉的体型通常不大,成虫体长多在2至5厘米(0.79至1.97英寸)之间,少数种类,例如世界最大的帝王蝉(Megapomponia imperatoria)翼展就达20厘米(7.9英寸),体长约7厘米(2.8英寸)[15][16];同样栖息于南亚地区的一种大型蝉(Tacua speciosa,有“青襟油蝉”或“婆罗洲巨蝉”等名称)翼展也有18厘米(7.1英寸),其体长则约4至5厘米(1.6至2.0英寸)[17]。蝉的外骨骼很坚硬,双翅相当发达,多为透明或半透明(双翅完全不透明的种类通常翅面颜色较为鲜明,且多分布于靠近热带的地区),上面有明显的翅脉。
一般来说,蝉的头部宽而短,具有明显突出的额唇基(clypeus)。触角短,呈须状。口器细长,口器内有食管与唾液管,属于刺吸式。胸部则包括前胸、中胸及后胸,其中前胸和中胸较长。3个胸部都具有一对足,腿节粗壮发达(若虫前脚用来挖掘,腿节膨大,带刺)。
蝉的腹部呈长锥形,总共有10个腹节,第9腹节成为尾节。雄蝉第1、第2腹节具发音器,第10腹节形成肛门;雌蝉第10腹节形成产卵管,且较为膨大。
雄性蝉身体两侧有能够发出很大声响的发声构造(也称为“鼓室”),主要包括背瓣、腹瓣、鼓膜、发音肌(鼓膜肌)、腱盘、腱突起、腹面调节肌、镜膜、褶膜(折膜)、第三气门、共鸣室(气室)等。为了发音,牠们常趴在树干上,向前或左右扭动腹部来调节发出的声响;而发出来的响声常被称为蝉的“歌声”,与一般以摩擦方式发声的昆虫(如蟋蟀)不同。雌蝉没有发声器。
习性
比较著名的蝉是“十七年蝉”或周期蝉(Magicicada)。原产于美国东部地区,这些蝉的若虫在地下蛰伏十三或十七年,然后破土而出。
根据牠们出现的年份,周期蝉被分为30个“群”。群1号到17号是十七年蝉,群18号到30号是十三年蝉。一些群并不存在,但为了方便起见而保留。群4号已于公元2003年出现。而下一次的十三年蝉为将于公元2011年出现的群19号。群10号,一种十七年蝉,已经出现于公元2004年5月的新泽西州和北卡罗莱纳州。
分类学
狭义的蝉仅局限于蝉科的昆虫[18][19],广义的蝉则指蝉总科的所有昆虫(蝉总科有两个科:蝉科与螽蝉科 Tettigarctidae);此外,不只蝉总科的昆虫,整个蝉下目的昆虫都被冠上蝉的名字,分类如下(参见蝉下目)[20]:
- 蝉下目 Cicadomorpha(Clypeorrhyncha, Clypeata)
- 蝉总科 Cicadoidea
- 沫蝉总科 Cercopoidea
- 角蝉总科 Membracoidea:旧作叶蝉总科 Cicadelloidea
- † 古蝉总科 Palaeontinoidea
而蝉科的组成如下:
- 蝉科
- 草蝉族(Moganniini)[1]
- 草蝉属(Mogannia)
- 扶桑蝉属(Nipponosemia)
- 草蝉族(Moganniini)[1]
- 蝉族 Cicadini
- Abagazara Distant, 1905
- Abricta Stål, 1866
- Abroma Stål, 1866
- Acanthoventris Ruschel, 2023
- Aceropyga Duffels, 1977
- Acuticephala Torres, 1958
- Acyroneura Torres, 1958
- Adelia Moulds, 2012
- Adeniana Distant, 1906
- Adusella Haupt, 1918
- Aedeastria Boer, 1990
- Aestuansella Boulard, 1981
- Aetanna Lee, 2014
- Afromelampsalta Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Afzeliada Boulard, 1972
- Ahomana Distant, 1905
- Akamba Distant, 1905
- Alarcta Torres, 1958
- Albanycada Villet, 1989
- Aleeta Moulds, 2003
- Allobroma Duffels, 2011
- Ambragaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Amphipsalta Flemming, 1969
- Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921
- Angamiana Distant, 1890
- Anopercalna Boulard, 2008
- Anopercalnina Boulard, 2008
- Antankaria Distant, 1904
- Aragualna Champanhet, Boulard & Gaiani, 2000
- Arcystasia Distant, 1882
- Arenopsaltria Ashton, 1921
- Arfaka Distant, 1905
- Ariasa Distant, 1905
- Arunta Distant, 1904
- Atrapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Attenuella Boulard, 1973
- Auritibicen Lee, 2015
- Auscala Moulds, 2012
- Auta Distant, 1897
- Ayesha Distant, 1905
- Ayuthia Distant, 1919
- Babras Jacobi, 1907
- Baeturia Stål, 1866
- Bafutalna Boulard, 1993
- Balinta Distant, 1905
- Basa Distant, 1905
- Bavea Distant, 1905
- Beameria Davis, 1934
- Becquartina Kato, 1940
- Becquartinaria Boulard, 2005
- Berberigetta Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões, 2017
- Bergalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Bijaurana Distant, 1912
- Birrima Distant, 1906
- Bispinalta Delorme, 2017
- Biura Lee & Sanborn, 2015
- Borencona Davis, 1928
- Brachylobopyga Duffels, 1982
- Brevialavenosa Sanborn, 2021
- Brevisiana Boulard, 1972
- Brevitanna Lee, 2022
- Burbunga Distant, 1905
- Burbungoides Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Burmacicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Burmacicada protera Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Buyisa Distant, 1907
- Cabecita Lee, 2014
- Cacama Distant, 1904
- Cacamam
- Calcagninus Distant, 1892
- Caledopsalta Delorme, 2018
- Caliginopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Calipsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Calliopsida Torres, 1958
- Callogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Calopsaltria Stål, 1861
- Calyria Stål, 1862
- Camuracicada Moulds, 2018
- Cantata Lee & Pham, 2021
- Canualna Boulard, 1985
- Capcicada Villet, 1989
- Carineta Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cephalalna Boulard, 2006
- Chalumalna Boulard, 2001
- Champaka Distant, 1905
- Chelapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014
- Chinaria Davis, 1934
- Chlorocysta Westwood, 1851
- Chloropsalta Haupt, 1920
- Chonosia Distant, 1905
- Chremistica Stål, 1870
- Chrysocicada Boulard, 1989
- Chrysolasia Moulds, 2003
- Cicada Linnaeus, 1758
- Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
- Cicadetta Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadettana Marshall & Hil, 2017
- Cicadmalleus Boulard & Puissant, 2013
- Citroriginis Sanborn, 2021
- Clidophleps Van Duzee, 1915
- Clinata Moulds, 2012
- Clinopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Coata Distant, 1906
- Cochleopsaltria Pham & Constant, 2017
- Conibosa Distant, 1905
- Cornuplura Davis, 1944
- Cosmopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Cracenpsaltria Sanborn, 2016
- Crassisternalna Boulard, 1980
- Crassopsaltria Boulard, 2008
- Crotopsalta Ewart, 2005
- 蚱蝉属 Cryptotympana Stål, 1861
- Curvicicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Cyclochila Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cylochila
- Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Cystosoma Westwood, 1842
- Davispia Cooper, 1941
- Daza Distant, 1905
- Dazollina Sanborn, 2018
- Decebalus Distant, 1920
- Deremeces Sanborn, 2021
- Derotettix Berg, 1882
- Diceroprocta Stål, 1870
- Diceropyga Stål, 1870
- Diemeniana Distant, 1906
- Dilobopyga Duffels, 1977
- Dimissalna Boulard, 2007
- Dinarobia Mamet, 1957
- Dipsopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Distantada Orian, 1963
- Distantalna Boulard, 2009
- Dominicicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Dominicicada youngi Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Dorachosa Distant, 1892
- Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952
- Drymopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Duffelsa Wang, Jiang & Wei, 2023
- Dulderana Distant, 1905
- Dundubia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Durangona Distant, 1911
- Dyticodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Dyticopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Elachysoma Torres, 1964
- Elassoneura Torres, 1964
- Emathia Stål, 1866
- Eopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Epora Stål, 1866
- Erempsalta Moulds, 2012
- Esada Boulard, 1973
- Euboeana Gogala, Trilar & Drosopoulos, 2011
- Euryphara Horváth, 1912
- 姬春蝉属 Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Euthemopsaltria Moulds, 2014
- Ewartia Moulds, 2012
- Falcatpsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Feoichnus Krause, Bown, Bellosi & Genise, 2008
- Fidicina Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Fidicinoides Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Fijipsalta Duffels, 1988
- Fonsecacicada Martins-Neto & Mendes, 2002
- 虎翅蝉属 Formocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004
- Formosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Formotosena Kato, 1925
- Fractuosella Boulard, 1979
- Froggattoides Distant, 1910
- Gaeana Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Gagatopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Galanga Moulds, 2012
- Galgoria Lee, 2016
- Gazuma Distant, 1905
- Gelidea Moulds, 2012
- Germalna Delorme, 2018
- Ggomapsalta Lee, 2009
- Gibbocicada Ruschel, 2018
- Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Graminitigrina Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina aurora Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina bolloni Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina bowensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina carnarvonensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina einasleighi Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina flindensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina karumbae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina selwynensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina triodiae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina uluruensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017[22]
- Graptopsaltria Motschulsky, 1866
- Graptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Graptotettix Stål, 1866
- Guaranisaria Distant, 1905
- Gudanga Distant, 1905
- Guineapsaltria Boer, 1993
- Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Gymnotympana Stål, 1861
- Hadoa Moulds, 2015
- Haemopsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Hainanosemia Kato, 1927
- Hamza Distant, 1904
- Haphsa Distant, 1905
- 碧蝉属 Hea Distant, 1906
- Heliopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835
- Hemisciera Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Henicopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Henicotettix Stål, 1858
- Heremusina Ewart, 2018
- Herrera Distant, 1905
- Heteropsaltria Jacobi, 1902
- Hilaphura Webb, 1979
- Hovana Distant, 1905
- Huechys Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Hyalessa China, 1925
- Hyantia Stål, 1866
- Hylora Boulard, 1971
- Illyria Moulds, 1985
- Imbabura Distant, 1911
- Inflatopyga Duffels, 1997
- Ingcainyenzane Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Inthaxara Distant, 1913
- Ioba Distant, 1904
- Iruana Distant, 1905
- Jacatra Distant, 1905
- Jafuna Distant, 1912
- Jassopsaltria Ashton, 1914
- Juanaria Distant, 1920
- Kageralna Boulard, 2012
- Kalabita Moulton, 1923
- Kalarko Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Kamalata Distant, 1889
- Kanakia Distant, 1892
- Kaphsa Lee, 2012
- Karenia Distant, 1888
- Karscheliana Boulard, 1990
- Katoa Ôuchi, 1938
- Khimbya Distant, 1905
- Kikihia Dugdale, 1972
- Kimberpsaltria Moulds, Marshall & Popple, 2021
- Kintusamo Szwedo, 2019
- Klapperichicen Dlabola, 1957
- Kobonga Distant, 1906
- Koma Distant, 1904
- Kongota Distant, 1904
- Koranna Distant, 1905
- Kosemia Matsumura, 1927
- Kumanga Distant, 1905
- Lacetas Karsch, 1890
- Lahugada Distant, 1905
- Lamotialna Boulard, 1976
- Laopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Lembeja Distant, 1892
- Lemuriana Distant, 1905
- Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Lethama Distant, 1905
- Ligymolpa Karsch, 1890
- Limnopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Linguacicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Lithocicada Cockerell, 1906
- Luangwana Distant, 1914
- Lycurgus China, 1925
- Lyristes Horváth, 1926
- 大蝉属 Macrosemia Kato, 1925
- Macrotristria Stål, 1870
- 周期蝉 Magicicada Davis, 1925
- Majeorona Distant, 1905
- Malagasia Distant, 1882
- Malgachialna Boulard, 1980
- Malgotilia Boulard, 1980
- Malloryalna Sanborn, 2016
- Manna Lee & Emery, 2013
- Maoricicada Dugdale, 1972
- Mapondera Distant, 1905
- Mariekea Jong & Boer, 2004
- Maroboduus Distant, 1920
- Marteena Moulds, 1986
- Masamia Lee & Emery, 2013
- Masupha Distant, 1892
- Mata Distant, 1906
- Maua Distant, 1905
- Megapomponia Boulard, 2005
- Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath, 2016
- Meimuna Distant, 1905
- Melampsalta Amyot, 1847
- Melampsalta Kolenati, 1857
- Melanesiana Delorme, 2017
- Mendozana Distant, 1906
- Minilomia Lee, 2013
- Minipomponia Boulard, 2008
- Miniterpnosia Lee, 2013
- Minyscapheus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012
- Minyscapheus dominicanus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012[23]
- Miocenoprasia Boulard & Riou, 1999
- Mirabilopsaltria Boer, 1996
- Miranha Distant, 1905
- Moana Myers, 1928
- Mogannia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Monomatapa Distant, 1897
- Mosaica Lee & Emery, 2013
- Mouia Distant, 1920
- Mouldspsaltria Sanborn, 2021
- Muansa Distant, 1904
- Muda Distant, 1897
- Mugadina Moulds, 2012
- Munza Distant, 1904
- Mura Distant, 1905
- Muraoides Sanborn, 2018
- Murmurillana Delorme, 2016
- Murphyalna Boulard, 2012
- Musimoia China, 1929
- Musoda Karsch, 1890
- Myersalna Boulard, 1988
- Myopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nabalua Moulton, 1923
- Nablistes Karsch, 1891
- Nanopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nelbroma Sanborn, 2021
- Nelcyndana Distant, 1906
- Neocicada Kato, 1932
- Neomuda Distant, 1920
- Neoncotympana Lee, 2011
- Neoplatypedia Davis, 1920
- Neopsaltoda Distant, 1910
- Neopunia Moulds, 2012
- Neopurana Lee & Marshall, 2023
- Neoterpnosia Lee & Emery, 2014
- Neotibicen Hill & Moulds, 2015
- Nggeliana Boulard, 1979
- Nigripsaltria Boer, 1999
- Noongara Moulds, 2012
- Nosoarna Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Nosola Stål, 1866
- Notopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Novemcella Goding, 1925
- Nyara Villet, 1999
- Odopoea Stål, 1861
- Okanagana Distant, 1905
- Okanagodes Davis, 1919
- Oligoglena Horváth, 1912
- Ollanta Distant, 1905
- 蛁蟟属 Oncotympana Stål, 1870
- Onomacritus Distant, 1912
- Onoralna Boulard, 1996
- Orapa Distant, 1905
- Orellana Distant, 1905
- Orialella Metcalf, 1952
- Orientafroinsularis Sanborn, 2021
- Orientopsaltria Kato, 1944
- Oudeboschia Distant, 1920
- Oudeboshia Distant, 1920
- Owra Ashton, 1912
- Oxypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pacarina Distant, 1905
- Pachypsaltria Stål, 1861
- Paectira Karsch, 1890
- Pagiphora Horváth, 1912
- Paharia Distant, 1905
- Pakidetta Sanborn & Ahmed, 2017
- Palapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Paleopsalta Moulds, 2018
- Panialna Delorme, 2016
- Panka Distant, 1905
- Papuapsaltria Boer, 1995
- Paracicadetta Boulard & Nel, 1990
- Paradina Moulds, 2012
- Paranistria Metcalf, 1952
- Paranosia Lee, 2014
- Paratalainga He, 1984
- Paratanna Lee, 2012
- Parnisa Stål, 1862
- Parnkalla Distant, 1905
- Parnquila Moulds, 2012
- Parvittya Distant, 1905
- Parvopsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Paulaudalna Delorme, 2017
- Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Pedana Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pegapsaltria Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pericallea Moulds, Marshall & Hutchinson, 2022
- Philipsalta Lee, Marshall & Hill, 2016
- Physeema Moulds, 2012
- Pictila Moulds, 2012
- Pinheya Dlabola, 1965
- Pipilopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Platylomia Stål, 1870
- Platypedia Uhler, 1888
- 蟪蛄属 Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Platypsalta Moulds, 2012
- Plautilla Stål, 1865
- Plerapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Polyneura Westwood, 1840
- Pompanonia Boulard, 1982
- Pomponia Stål, 1866
- Popplepsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Poviliana Boulard, 1997
- Prasia Stål, 1863
- Prasinosoma Torres, 1963
- Proarna Stål, 1864
- Procollina Metcalf, 1952
- Prosotettix Jacobi, 1907
- Prunasis Stål, 1862
- Psallodia Uhler, 1903
- Psalmocharias Kirkaldy, 1908
- Psaltoda Stål, 1861
- Psephenotettix Torres, 1958
- Pseudokanakia Delorme, 2016
- Pseudotettigetta Puissant, 2010
- Psilotympana Stål, 1861
- Psithyristria Stål, 1870
- Punia Moulds, 2012
- Purana Distant, 1905
- Puranoides Moulton, 1917
- Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pygmaeodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Pyropsalta Moulds, 2012
- Quesada Distant, 1905
- Quintilia Stål, 1866
- Qurana Lee, 2009
- Raiateana Boulard, 1979
- Relictapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Rhadinopyga Duffels, 1985
- Rhaeboepelis Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Rhinopsalta Melichar, 1908
- Rhodopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Rouxalna Boulard, 1999
- Rustia Stål, 1866
- Sadaka Distant, 1904
- Sahyaterpnosia Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023
- Sahyaterpnosia laevospina Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023[24]
- Salvazana Distant, 1913
- Samaecicada Popple & Emery, 2010
- Sapantanga Distant, 1905
- Sapantanga Ruschel & Campos, 2019
- Saticula Stål, 1866
- Scieroptera Stål, 1866
- Scolopita Chou & Lei, 1997
- Scottotympana Boer, 1991
- Sechellalna Boulard, 2010
- Selymbria Stål, 1861
- Semia Matsumura, 1917
- Severiana Boulard, 1972
- Shaoshia Wei, Ahmed & Rizvi, 2010
- Simona Moulds, 2012
- Sinapsaltria Kato, 1940
- Sinocicadoprosbole Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
- Songga Lee, 2016
- Soudaniella Boulard, 1972
- Spoerryana Boulard, 1974
- Stagea Villet, 1994
- Stagira Stål, 1861
- Stellenboschia Distant, 1920
- Strepuntalna Delorme, 2017
- Strumosella Boulard, 1973
- Strumoseura Villet, 1999
- Subpsaltria Chen, 1943
- Subtibicina Lee, 2012
- Suisha Kato, 1928
- Sulphogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Sundabroma Duffels, 2011
- Sylphoides Moulds, 2012
- Tacua Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Taipinga Distant, 1905
- 暗蝉属 Taiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Takapsalta Matsumura, 1927
- 红眼蝉属 Talainga Distant, 1890
- Talcopsaltria Moulds, 2008
- Tamasa Distant, 1905
- Tanna Distant, 1905
- Tanyocicada Moulds, 2020
- Taona Distant, 1909
- Taphura Stål, 1862
- Taungia Ollenbach, 1928
- Taurella Moulds, 2012
- Telmapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terepsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terpnosia Distant, 1892
- Tettigades Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigetta Kolenati, 1857
- Tettigettacula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettalna Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigomyia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigotoma Torres, 1942
- Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1900
- Thopha Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tibeta Lei & Chou, 1997
- Tibicina Kolenati, 1857
- Tibicinoides Distant, 1914
- Timbaltransversa Sanborn, 2021
- Tithopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Torrescada Sanborn & Heath, 2017
- Tosena Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Toseria
- Toulgoetalna Boulard, 1982
- Toxala Moulds, 2012
- Toxopeusella Schmidt, 1926
- Trengganua Moulton, 1923
- Triglena Fieber, 1875
- Trismarcha Karsch, 1891
- Tryella Moulds, 2003
- Tymocicada Becker-Migdisova, 1954
- Tympanistalna Boulard, 1982
- Tympanoterpes Stål, 1861
- Ueana Distant, 1905
- Ugada Distant, 1904
- Uhleroides Distant, 1912
- Umjaba Distant, 1904
- Unduncus Duffels, 2011
- Unipomponia Lee, 2014
- Urabunana Distant, 1905
- Uradolichos Moulds, 2012
- Vagitanus Distant, 1918
- Vastarena Delorme, 2016
- Venustria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Versicolora Wei, Wang, Hayashi, He & Pham, 2020
- Vietanna Lee & Pham, 2021
- Viettealna Boulard, 1980
- Vittagaeana Hill et al., 2021
- Vittagaeana Moulds, Sarkar, Lee & Marshall, 2021
- Xeropsalta Ewart, 2018
- Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1904
- Xossarella Boulard, 1980
- Yanga Distant, 1904
- Yezoterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Yoyetta Moulds, 2012
- Zammara Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Zammaralna Boulard & Sueur, 1996
- Zaphsa Lee & Emery, 2014
- Zouga Distant, 1906
图集
其它
在中国,蝉的刚出土的若虫,称知了猴、知了龟、蝉牛、蝉猴等,被视为一种食材,油炸、蒸煮或烧烤后可以食用。活的或腌渍后的蝉若虫也会在市面上销售。[25]但因富含异体蛋白,过敏体质者应谨慎食用。[26]
蝉若虫的壳—“蝉蜕”,是一种中药材[注 19]。此外,卵、若虫、成虫等遭受如真菌等微生物寄生,将产生“蝉花”,原理可以以冬虫夏草的方式思维,只是它们应用上的药效却大不相同。[27]。
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