牛鬣兽科(Oxyaenidae)又名锐鬣兽科,是已灭绝的肉齿目下的一科,与现存的鳞甲目为近亲[1],其下有4个亚科共13个属。
北美洲的牛鬣兽科是最早出现的肉齿目,大约是在古新世晚期出现;在始新世时,部分成员成功拓展至欧洲与亚洲[2]。牠们像猫科,但为跖行的,与今天的肉食动物(除了熊及浣熊外)不同。牠们的特征是短阔的头颅骨,深的颚部,牙齿适合咬碎食物而多于像鬣齿兽科般撕开食物。[3]
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