流浪的犹太人

流浪的犹太人（wandering Jew、徘徊的犹太人）是一个神话里长生不老的人，流浪的犹太人这个传说在13世纪开始在欧洲传播。^[1]原来的传说是关于一个犹太人在向正被罗马军队押往各各他刑场钉十字架路上走的耶稣嘲弄，然后这位犹太人被诅咒在尘世行走，直到耶稣再临。这位流浪者的轻率行为性质的确在不同版本的故事中是有所不同，正如他所表现出来的品格特质一样；有时他被说成是补鞋（英语：Shoemaking）匠或者是其他的匠人，有时候他被说成是当时驻犹太地区的罗马帝国总督本丢·彼拉多总督府的一名犹太人门卫。

流浪的犹太人最早出现在在温多弗的罗杰（英语：Roger of Wendover）所著的《弗洛尔斯史（英语：Flores Historiarum）》的1228年的手稿中。《弗洛尔斯史》有个子章《Of the Jew Joseph who is still alive awaiting the last coming of Christ》 ^[2]^[3]^[4]，在这个章节中的中心人物约瑟夫，在领受亚拿尼亚的洗礼前名字叫Cartaphilus。Cartaphilus的词根为kartos和philos，分别有“亲爱的”和“所爱的”的意思。换言之，在早期，流浪的犹太人的传说是被和耶稣所爱的门徒做连结的^[5]。

至少在17世纪初期，有人以Ahasver来称呼流浪的犹太人。这名字显然是源自于以斯帖记中的波斯国王——亚哈随鲁。可能是因为犹太人散居于各国家的状态与以斯帖记时期犹太人分散于波斯帝国各省分的状态类似所以才以此命名^[6]。

[1]
as described in the first chapter of Curious Myths of the Middle Ages where Sabine Baring-Gould attributed the earliest extant mention of the myth of the Wandering Jew to Matthew Paris. The chapter began with a reference to Gustave Doré's series of twelve illustrations to the legend, and ended with a sentence remarking that, while the original legend was so 'noble in its severe simplicity' that few could develop it with success in poetry or otherwise, Doré had produced in this series 'at once a poem, a romance, and a chef-d'oeuvre of art'. First published in two parts in 1866 and 1868, the work was republished in 1877 and in many other editions.[1]
[2]
Wendover, Roger of. De Joseph, qui ultimum Christi adventum adhuc vivus exspectat. 1849: 175 （拉丁语）.
[3]
Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. Volume 4. H. G. Bohn. 1842.
[4]
Jacobs 1911，第362页
[5]
Anderson, George K. "The Beginnings of the Legend". The Legend of the Wandering Jew, Brown UP, 1965, pp. 11-37.
[6]
Ahasver, Ahasverus, Wandering Jew—People—Virtual Shtetl. [16 January 2016]. （原始内容存档于12 January 2016）.

Anderson, George K. The Legend of the Wandering Jew. Providence: Brown University Press, 1965. xi, 489 p.; reprint edition ISBN 0-87451-547-5 Collects both literary versions and folk versions.
Camilla Rockwood (编). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 18th. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap. 2009: 1400. ISBN 9780550104113.
Hasan-Rokem, Galit and Alan Dundes The Wandering Jew: Essays in the Interpretation of a Christian Legend (Bloomington:Indiana University Press) 1986. 20th-century folkloristic renderings.
Manning, Robert Douglas Wandering Jew and Wandering Jewess ISBN 978-1-895507-90-4
Gaer, Joseph (Fishman) The Legend of the Wandering Jew New American Library, 1961 (Dore illustrations) popular account.
Richard I. Cohen, "The "Wandering Jew" from Medieval Legend to Modern Metaphor," in Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Jonathan Karp (eds), The Art of Being Jewish in Modern Times (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007) (Jewish Culture and Contexts),

第七封印

Wandering Jew and Jewess dramatic screenplays
The Wandering Jew, by Eugène Sue - 古腾堡计划
David Hoffman, Hon. J.U.D. of Gottegen (1852). Chronicles of the Wandering Jew selected from the originals of Carthaphilus, embracing a period of nearly XIX centuries - detailed description of facts related to Jesus's preaching from a Pharisees coverage.
Catholic Encyclopedia entry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The (presumed) End of the Wandering Jew from The Golden Calf by Ilf and Petrov
Israel's First President, Chaim Weizmann, "A Wandering Jew"^{[失效链接]} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
"The Wandering Image: Converting the Wandering Jew" Iconography and visual art. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
"The Wandering Jew," and "The Wandering Jew's Chronicle" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） English Broadside Ballad Archive

[1] [1]
as described in the first chapter of Curious Myths of the Middle Ages where Sabine Baring-Gould attributed the earliest extant mention of the myth of the Wandering Jew to Matthew Paris. The chapter began with a reference to Gustave Doré's series of twelve illustrations to the legend, and ended with a sentence remarking that, while the original legend was so 'noble in its severe simplicity' that few could develop it with success in poetry or otherwise, Doré had produced in this series 'at once a poem, a romance, and a chef-d'oeuvre of art'. First published in two parts in 1866 and 1868, the work was republished in 1877 and in many other editions.[1]

[2] [2]
Wendover, Roger of. De Joseph, qui ultimum Christi adventum adhuc vivus exspectat. 1849: 175 （拉丁语）.

[3] [3]
Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. Volume 4. H. G. Bohn. 1842.

[Jacobs_1911_362-4] [4]
Jacobs 1911，第362页

[:0-5] [5]
Anderson, George K. "The Beginnings of the Legend". The Legend of the Wandering Jew, Brown UP, 1965, pp. 11-37.

[6] [6]
Ahasver, Ahasverus, Wandering Jew—People—Virtual Shtetl. [16 January 2016]. （原始内容存档于12 January 2016）.

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流浪的犹太人

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