尖角效应

尖角效应（英语：horn effect，有時也拼寫為 Horns Effect^[1]），或觭角效应、角效应、喇叭作用，是一类认知偏差：这一偏差导致一件事物某一个负面特征导致人们对其它特征的判断产生负面偏差；这一偏差和光环效应（英语：Halo Effect）正好相反，光环效应中一件事物某一个正面特征导致人们对其它特征的判断产生正面偏差。^[1]^[2]人们有时也用反光环效应（英语：reverse-halo effect）或魔鬼效应（英语：devil effect）来形容这一现象。

比如人们可能觉得长得不好看的人品行不端正，尽管品行和外貌缺乏直接的逻辑关联；^[3]^[4]或者主张废除死刑的人看到支持死刑的人一些疑似情绪化的表现，就断定支持死刑没有正当的论证；反对女权的人可能也会因为一个女性主张女权，而认为那名女性长得丑、长得胖或者长得像男生。

尖角效应最初是英语短语^[a]，尖角则指“恶魔的尖角”，为一种通常认知下极其低俗的手势，与光环效应和起源自圣人光环（英语：Halo (religious iconography)）的光环形成对比。 Thorndike在1920年出版的关于光环效应的研究就已经有类似的提法：对于一个人评价明显为通常的好坏二分以及人们以这种普遍感粉饰的判断所影响^[b]^[5]

人们错误地相信坏的品格存在协同关系，导致了尖角效应的出现。^[2]因而，人们会因为对某人不讨人喜欢的一个印象而降低对其的其它印象。

英国卫报曾以反光环效应谈及委内瑞拉前领导人乌戈·查韦斯：“有些领导人被妖魔化的程度如此之高，以致于人们不可能公平地评价其是与非”^[c]。“^[6]

尖角效应还影响了犯罪的刑罚。一项研究中，研究者研究了两种假象的犯罪方式：一种是入室盗窃（英语：burglary），另一种则是耍花招诈骗。前者中，一个女士捡到了一把钥匙，从而盗取了2200元；后者中，一位女士用花言巧语使一位男士向一家不存在的公司投资了2200元。研究人员发现：入室盗窃中因为女士不和受害人有接触，受刑也更重，且有吸引力的女性的比较为缺乏吸引力的女性受刑更轻；但是在投资诈骗中，更富吸引力的女性反而受刑更重。这项研究表明，女性的外在吸引力影响了我们对其犯罪实质的判断。^[7]

[a]
具体待考证，荷兰语维基百科可能首先使用了该说法，这说法后又被其它来源所补充。
[b]
原文：Ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling.
[c]
原文：Some leaders can become so demonized that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way.

[1]
Belludi, Nagesh. The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]. Right Attitudes. 30 April 2013 [15 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
[2]
Kennon, Joshua. Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect. www. joshuakennon.com. 12 November 2011 [15 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-25）.
[3]
Long-Crowell, Erin. The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages. Psychology 104: Social Psychology. study.com. [September 30, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-01）.
[4]
Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D. The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association). 1977, 35 (4): 250–56 [2018-12-12]. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-13）.
[5]
Thorndike, EL, A constant error in psychological ratings, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1920, 4 (1): 25–29, doi:10.1037/h0071663
[6]
Glennie, Jonathan. Hugo Chávez's reverse-halo effect. The Guardian. 3 May 2011 [2018-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
[7]
Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold. Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975, 31 (3): 410–14 [2018-12-12]. doi:10.1037/h0076472. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-04）.

[5] [a]
具体待考证，荷兰语维基百科可能首先使用了该说法，这说法后又被其它来源所补充。

[6] [b]
原文：Ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling.

[8] [c]
原文：Some leaders can become so demonized that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way.

[Attitudes-1] [1]
Belludi, Nagesh. The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]. Right Attitudes. 30 April 2013 [15 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.

[JoshKennon-2] [2]
Kennon, Joshua. Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect. www. joshuakennon.com. 12 November 2011 [15 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-25）.

[study._com-3] [3]
Long-Crowell, Erin. The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages. Psychology 104: Social Psychology. study.com. [September 30, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-01）.

[nisbett-4] [4]
Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D. The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association). 1977, 35 (4): 250–56 [2018-12-12]. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-13）.

[ThornD-7] [5]
Thorndike, EL, A constant error in psychological ratings, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1920, 4 (1): 25–29, doi:10.1037/h0071663

[9] [6]
Glennie, Jonathan. Hugo Chávez's reverse-halo effect. The Guardian. 3 May 2011 [2018-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.

[ostrove_sigall1975-10] [7]
Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold. Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975, 31 (3): 410–14 [2018-12-12]. doi:10.1037/h0076472. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-04）.

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尖角效应

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