碳捕集與利用

碳捕集與利用（英語：Carbon Capture and Utilization，簡稱CCU）是捕集二氧化碳以供進一步使用的過程^[1]。碳捕集與利用可以應對全球挑戰，即顯著減少主要固定工業排放者的溫室氣體排放^[2]。CCU不同於碳捕集與封存（CCS），因為CCU既不旨在也不導致二氧化碳的永久地質儲存。相反，CCU旨在將捕集的二氧化碳轉化為更有價值的物質或產品；例如塑料、混凝土或生物燃料等；同時保持生產過程的碳中和。捕集的二氧化碳可以轉化為多種產品：一類是醇類（例如甲醇），可用作生物燃料和其他替代能源和可再生能源，或用於各種化學合成的反應物^[3]。儘管CCU不會對大氣產生淨碳正效應，但有幾個重要的考慮因素需要考慮。因為二氧化碳是一種熱力學穩定的碳製造產品，它是能源密集型產品^[4]。在投資CCU之前，還應考慮用於製造產品的其他原材料的可用性。考慮到捕集與利用的不同潛在選擇，研究表明，涉及化學品、燃料和微藻類的方法去除二氧化碳的潛力有限，而涉及建築材料和農業用途的方法可能更有效^[5]。CCU的盈利能力部分取決於釋放到大氣中的二氧化碳的碳定價。

碳源

二氧化碳通常是從發電廠、煉鋼廠、石化廠等重工業的固定點來源捕獲的^[6]。從這些廢氣流中捕獲的二氧化碳本身的濃度各不相同。典型的燃煤電廠的煙道氣廢氣流中含有10-12%的二氧化碳濃度^[7]。一家生物燃料精煉廠生產高純度99%的二氧化碳，其中含有少量水和乙醇等雜質^[7]。分離過程本身可以通過吸收、吸附或膜等分離過程進行^[8]。CCU過程中另一個可能的捕集來源涉及種植園的使用。這個想法源於基林曲線的觀察，即大氣中的二氧化碳水平每年變化約5ppm，這是由於植被的季節性變化和南北半球陸地面積的差異所致^[9]^[10]。然而，當植物死亡時，植物吸收的二氧化碳將返回到大氣中。因此，鑑於其快速生長和高碳捕集率，建議種植具有C4光合作用的作物，然後處理生物質以用於永久儲存在土壤中的生物炭等應用^[11]。

技術與應用實例

二氧化碳電解

碳中和燃料

甲醇燃料

化學合成

環境影響

參考文獻

[1]
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. March 2015, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 .
[2]
Carbon Capture. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. [2020-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-13）.
[3]
Dibenedetto, Angela; Angelini, Antonella; Stufano, Paolo. Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. March 2014, 89 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1002/jctb.4229.
[4]
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey A; Oldenburg, Curtis M; Bourg, Ian C. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy. Imperial College Press. 2013-06-18. ISBN 9781783263271. doi:10.1142/p911.
[5]
Hepburn, Cameron; Adlen, Ella; Beddington, John; Carter, Emily A.; Fuss, Sabine; Mac Dowell, Niall; Minx, Jan C.; Smith, Pete; Williams, Charlotte K. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature. 6 November 2019, 575 (7781): 87–97. Bibcode:2019Natur.575...87H. PMID 31695213. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6 .
[6]
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage - Fuels & Technologies. IEA. [2022-06-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）（英國英語）.
[7]
Xu, Yixiang; Isom, Loren; Hanna, Milford A. Adding value to carbon dioxide from ethanol fermentations. Bioresource Technology. May 2010, 101 (10): 3311–3319. PMID 20110166. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.006.
[8]
De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. December 2019, 26: 81–87. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001.
[9]
Keeling, Charles D. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus. January 1960, 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366 .
[10]
Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus. January 1976, 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322.
[11]
X, the moonshot factory, We Solve for X: Mike Cheiky on negative carbon liquid fuels, [2018-12-08], （原始內容存檔於2023-04-06）

延伸閱讀

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy 1. 2014. ISBN 978-1-78326-327-1. doi:10.1142/p911.
Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies: Research and climate aspects Berlin: SAPEA. Science Advice for Policy by European Academies (報告). 2018. doi:10.26356/CARBONCAPTURE.
New route to carbon-neutral fuels from carbon dioxide discovered by Stanford-DTU team （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[:0-1] [1]
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. March 2015, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 .

[2] [2]
Carbon Capture. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. [2020-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-13）.

[3] [3]
Dibenedetto, Angela; Angelini, Antonella; Stufano, Paolo. Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. March 2014, 89 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1002/jctb.4229.

[:4-4] [4]
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey A; Oldenburg, Curtis M; Bourg, Ian C. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy. Imperial College Press. 2013-06-18. ISBN 9781783263271. doi:10.1142/p911.

[5] [5]
Hepburn, Cameron; Adlen, Ella; Beddington, John; Carter, Emily A.; Fuss, Sabine; Mac Dowell, Niall; Minx, Jan C.; Smith, Pete; Williams, Charlotte K. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature. 6 November 2019, 575 (7781): 87–97. Bibcode:2019Natur.575...87H. PMID 31695213. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6 .

[6] [6]
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage - Fuels & Technologies. IEA. [2022-06-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-05）（英國英語）.

[:1-7] [7]
Xu, Yixiang; Isom, Loren; Hanna, Milford A. Adding value to carbon dioxide from ethanol fermentations. Bioresource Technology. May 2010, 101 (10): 3311–3319. PMID 20110166. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.006.

[8] [8]
De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. December 2019, 26: 81–87. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001.

[9] [9]
Keeling, Charles D. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus. January 1960, 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366 .

[10] [10]
Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus. January 1976, 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322.

[11] [11]
X, the moonshot factory, We Solve for X: Mike Cheiky on negative carbon liquid fuels, [2018-12-08], （原始內容存檔於2023-04-06）

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碳源