民事訴訟法院 (英格蘭)

民事訴訟法院（英語：Court of Common Pleas）。一直至13世紀，英格蘭有兩種法院，一種隨國王流動，對刑事訴訟和民事訴訟具有管轄權；另一種是固定在某一地點，後來通常設在威斯敏斯特，負責審理民事訴訟。這些法院的活動自1223年起分別記錄在徹覽卷宗和法院卷宗上。《大憲章》第17條規定，民事訴訟法院不應隨國王流動，而應被設在一特定地點。1272年，一獨立的民事訴訟法院首席法官被任命。但是民事訴訟法院的級別低於國王的法院即王座法庭，因為王座法庭負責處理民事訴訟法院的錯誤。民事訴訟法院受理英格蘭臣民間的民事訴訟。在該法院可以提起全部的物權訴訟以及舊時關於債務、返還原物、帳目和契約違反等的對人訴訟。這使它壟斷了中世紀時期的重要職能。儘管不是最高的普通法法院，但它在當時最為活躍。它對地方法院和采邑法院行使監督權，但是其判決由王座法庭覆核。民事訴訟法院對物權訴訟的排他性管轄權一直持續到19世紀，但是大部分舊時訴訟方式在很早之前就已取消，而且王座法院和理財法院通過法律上的擬制，以及由於收回不動產訴訟和對有關案件的侵權行為的增長，侵奪了民事訴訟法院的管轄權。

民事訴訟法院還有監督或糾正較古老的地方法院的錯誤的管轄權。這可以通過發佈調案令，糾正錯誤判決令和在可能情況下發佈再審令進行。17世紀時，該法院取得了發佈禁審令和《人身保護出庭狀》的一般管轄權。早期，高級律師在民事訴訟法院獨享出庭權。這種做法由於訴訟費用過高而使得該法院不受歡迎。該法院於1875年被取消，併入新組建的高等法院，但立到1880年，其名稱一直保留在民事訴訟法庭的名稱個。原來屬於民事訴訟法院專屑管轄範圍內的訴訟全部轉交給民事訴訟法庭。1880年，民事訴訟法庭和理財法庭併入高等法院皇座法庭。

參見

參考文獻

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