under the Articles of Confederation from October 20, 1781 to March 3, 1789, the day before the United States Constitution|Constitution came into force.
[2014-03-09], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-01-29) Sharma, B. K. Introduction to the Constitutionof India 4th. Prentice Hall. 2007-08: 49 [2014-03-09]. ISBN 978-81-203-3246-1
Lochner—the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth