Opiate

The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate

Naltrexone for Initiation and Maintenance of Opiate Abstinence. Dean RL, Bilsky EJ, Negus SS (编). Opiate Receptors and Antagonists. Humana Press. 2009:

Rodney; Christiano, Kevin J. Support for the American Left, 1920-1924: The Opiate Thesis Reconsidered. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1992

在经典药理学中，阿片剂（opiate）是指源自天然鸦片的物质。在现代的用法中，术语類阿片则指可与神经系统中的阿片受体（包括拮抗剂）结合的所有物质，包括天然提取物和人工合成品。阿片剂单纯指天然存在于药用罂粟植物中的生物碱化合物，在罂粟植物中发现的精神活性化合物包括吗啡、可待因和蒂巴因。早在公元八世纪，

azabicyclo [2.2.2]octane), a new antidiarrheal agent, resulting from binding to opiate receptor sites of brain and myenteric plexus. The Journal of Pharmacology