ISBN 0-226-16921-9, OCLC 12429405 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Eder, Michelle, Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam, Rutgers University
work on polyhedra mentioned by Pappus of Alexandria; Catoptrica, a work on optics mentioned by Theon of Alexandria; Principles, addressed to Zeuxippus and
earlier, by the Pythagoreans(英语:Pythagoreanism). 普莱费尔公理, an alternative to Euclid's fifth postulate on parallel lines, first stated by 普罗克洛 in the 5th century