戈多丁 (詩歌)

《戈多丁》（威爾斯語：Y Gododdin，發音：[ə ɡɔˈdɔðɪn]）是一首中世紀的威爾斯語詩歌，由一系列獻給布立吞王國戈多丁的人民及其同盟的輓歌組成。通常解釋他們犧牲於卡特里克之戰中，對抗德伊勒與伯尼西亞的盎格魯人。傳統上認為其為吟遊詩人阿內林所著，留世的抄本只有一本，稱為阿內林之書。

阿內林之書的一頁，記載了第一部分文本

大多學者認為記載的這場戰役發生於600年左右，但成詩的日期很有爭議。一些學者認為，戰役後很短時間內，最初的口述版本就成形於「古老北地」（大不列顛北部講布立吞語的地區）。假定如此，該詩最初的語言就是當時該地區的通行的坎伯蘭語；^[1]它也就成了今蘇格蘭地區現存最古老的詩歌。^[2]但其他人則認為，《戈多丁》源於9或10世紀的威爾斯。如果是9世紀的作品，就是最初的威爾斯詩歌之一。

戈多丁覆蓋今蘇格蘭東南部和諾森伯蘭郡的領土，是「古老北地」的一部分，在羅馬時代叫做沃塔迪尼。這首詩描寫了300（或363）名精英勇士會集起來的過程，其中一些人甚至來自於遙遠的皮克特蘭和格溫內斯。在Din Eidyn（今愛丁堡）盛宴一年後，他們進攻了卡特里克（通常認為是北約克郡的卡特里克）。面對壓倒性的優勢，幾天的戰鬥後，幾乎所有的勇士都犧牲了。該詩內容不是敘事，但其氣概有如英雄詩，強調英雄們為了榮譽而戰鬥。

這首詩現存的手稿以部分中古威爾斯語和部分古威爾斯語寫成，時間追溯至13世紀下半葉。這份手稿里有與戈多丁毫無關係的幾節詩，一般認為是添寫的。 其中一節提到了亞瑟王，如果能證明這一節出自6世紀末7世紀初，就可以作為已知最早的出處而極具重要性。

註釋

1. Elliot 2005, p. 583.
2. As indicated by Jackson, The Earliest Surviving Scottish Poem.

參考資料

• Berggren, J. Lennart and Alexander Jones. "Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters." Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford. ISBN 0-691-01042-0
• Breeze, Andrew. 1997. Medieval Welsh literature. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-229-1
• Charles-Edwards, Thomas. 1978. "The authenticity of the Gododdin: a historian's view" in Bromwich, Rachel & R. Brinley Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr hengerdd: cyflwynedig i Syr Idris Foster Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0696-9 pp. 44–71
• Clancy, Joseph P. 1970. The earliest Welsh poetry. Macmillan.
• Clarkson, Tim. 1999. "The Gododdin Revisited" in The Heroic Age 1. Retrieved August 21, 2006.
• Davies, Wendy. 2005. "The Celtic Kingdoms". In Fouracre, Paul, and McKitterick, Rosamond (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700. Cambridge. ISBN 0521362911
• Dillon, Myles and Nora K. Chadwick. 1973. The Celtic realms Cardinal. ISBN 0-351-15808-1
• Dumville, D. 1988. "Early Welsh poetry:problems of historicity" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X
• Elliott, Elizabeth. 2005. "Scottish Writing". In Fouracre, Paul, and McKitterick, Rosamond (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700. Cambridge. ISBN 0521362911
• Evans, D. Simon. 1977. "Aneirin- bardd Cristionogol?" in Ysgrifau Beirniadol 10. Gwasg Gee. pp. 35–44
• Evans, D. Simon. 1978. "Iaith y Gododdin" in Bromwich, Rachel & R. Brinley Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr hengerdd: cyflwynedig i Syr Idris Foster Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0696-9 pp. 72–88
• Evans, D. Simon. 1982. Llafar a llyfr yn yr hen gyfnod : darlith goffa G.J. Williams Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0817-1
• Evans, Stephen S. 1997. "The heroic poetry of Dark-Age Britain : an introduction to its dating, composition, and use as a historical source." Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-0606-7
• Greene, David. 1971. "Linguistic considerations in the dating of early Welsh verse". Studia Celtica VI, pp. 1–11
• Huws, Daniel (ed.). 1989. Llyfr Aneurin: a facsimile. South Glamorgan County Council & The National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-33-1
• Isaac, G.R. 1999. "Readings in the history and transmission of the Gododdin. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 37 pp. 55-78
• Jackson, Kenneth H. 1953. Language and history in early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages first to twelfth century A.D. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Jackson, Kenneth H. 1969. "The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem." Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-049-X
• Jarman, A.O.H. (ed.) 1988. Y Gododdin. Britain's Oldest Heroic Poem. The Welsh Classics vol. 3. Gomer. ISBN 0-86383-354-3
• Koch, John T. 1997. "The Gododdin of Aneurin: text and context from Dark-Age North Britain." Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1374-4
• O'Hehir, Brendan. 1988. "What is the Gododdin" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X
• Padel, Oliver. 1998. "A New Study of the Gododdin" in Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 35.
• Short, Steve. 1994. Aneirin: The Gododdin, translated by Steve Short. Llanerch Publishers. ISBN 1-897853-27-0
• Stephens, Thomas. 1876. The literature of the Kymry: being a critical essay on the history of the language and literature of Wales Second edition. Longmans, Green and Co..
• Sweetser, Eve. 1988. "Line-structure and rhan-structure: the metrical units of the Gododdin corpus" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X pp. 139–154
• Turner, Sharon. 1803. A vindication of the genuiness of the ancient British poems of Aneurin, Taliesyn, Llywarch Hen and Merddin, with specimens of the poems. E. Williams.
• Williams, Ifor. 1938. "Canu Aneirin: gyda rhagymadrodd a nodiadau." Aberystwyth: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.
• Williams, Ifor. 1944. "Lectures on early Welsh poetry." Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944.
• Williams, Ifor. 1980. "The beginnings of Welsh poetry: studies." Rachel Bromwich (ed.); Cardiff: University of Wales Press, second edition. ISBN 0-7083-0744-2
• Wmffre, Iwan. 2002. "Mynydawc - ruler of Edinburgh?" Studi Celtici 1 pp. 83–105

外部連結

• Colour facsimile of the Book of Aneirin from "Gathering the Jewels
• Y Gododin - 古騰堡計劃 in Welsh and English translation by John Williams
• The Book of Aneurin, original text and English translation by Skene
• Edinburgh Castle, and comment on "Y Gododdin"