預射精液

預射精液、射精前液（英語：Pre-ejaculate）或考珀液（Cowper's fluid），俗稱先走液（Pre-cum），是當男性的陰莖受到性刺激，或大腦沉浸於性幻想，而產生性興奮時，從尿道口流出的透明無色弱鹼性，產生蛋清狀的黏性液體，有中和酸性和潤滑的作用。其主要由男性的尿道球腺分泌，因此也稱尿道球腺液。

預射精液主要是由尿道球腺分泌而產生，也有尿道的粘液腺的成分。在性興奮、手淫時、性交前的愛撫期間，成年男性預射精液的分泌量會大量增加。^[1]^[2]預射精液的產量因人而異。有些人完全不會產生，^[3]有些人則超過 5 ml。^[1]^[4]

預射精液含有酸性磷酸酶等和精液有關的成分，但不含精液常有的穀氨酰轉移酶（英語：gamma-glutamyltransferase）等成分。^[5]

酸性的環境對精子來說是有害的，預射精液會消除尿液殘留在尿道的酸性環境，讓精液射入更有利的環境。而女性的陰道也屬於酸性的環境，預射精液也會適度改變陰道的酸性，來提升精子的存活率。^[2]在性行為的時候，預射精液可作為潤滑劑，中和排尿所造成的殘餘酸性。預射精液對於精液凝固也有促進作用。^[1]

預射精液中有時會含有少量的精子，故一些未使用保險套的避孕方式（如體外排精法），並不能完全達到避孕的效果。^[6]在此方面的文獻證據較為混亂：常有檢測不到精子的情況，但非常偶爾也有精子數量極多的個例。^[7]^[8]一般認為預射精液中的精子數量不足以造成懷孕。^[4]

研究證明造成愛滋病的人類免疫缺陷病毒出現在大多數受感染者的尿道球腺液中。^[9]^[10] ^[11]

有部分的男性對預射精液的過量產生感到困擾，一名醫生描述了一些人的窘境：「在接吻或是接觸到輕微的情色相關的刺激，很容易讓褲子濕透。」而當這些人使用了非那斯特萊這類5α-還原酶阻隔劑（英語：5-alpha-reductase inhibitor）後，有某些個案的研究報告上，有了令人滿意的結果。^[1]

尿道口處的預射精液
預射精液垂下
勃起後之陰莖流出預射精液

[1]
Chudnovsky, A.; Niederberger, C.S. Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands--Major Headaches. Journal of Andrology. 2007, 28 (3): 374–5. PMID 17251594. doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.002576.
[2]
Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S. A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland. Int. J. Androl. April 2005, 28 (2): 74–7. PMID 15811067. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x.
[3]
Vazquez E. Is it safe to suck?. Posit Aware. 1997, 8 (4): 15. PMID 11364482.
[4]
Zukerman Z.; Weiss D.B.; Orvieto R. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. April 2003, 20 (4): 157–159. PMC 3455634 . PMID 12762415. doi:10.1023/A:1022933320700.
[5]
Gohara WF. Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus. Clin. Chem. February 1980, 26 (2): 254–7. PMID 6101549.^{[永久失效連結]}
[6]
Jones, R.K., Fennell, J., Higgins, J.A. and Blanchard, K. Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal (PDF). Contraception. 2009, 79: 407–410 [2009-12-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-06-11）.
[7]
Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA. Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid. Human Fertility. 2011, 14 (1): 48–52. PMC 3564677 . PMID 21155689. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798.
[8]
Kovavisarach, E.; Lorthanawanich, S.; Muangsamran, P. Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016,. 99 Suppl 2: S38–41. ISSN 0125-2208. PMID 27266214.
[9]
Pudney, J., Oneta, M., Mayer, K., Seage, G., Anderson, D. Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8833): 1470. PMID 1360584. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4.
[10]
Ilaria, G., Jacobs, J.L., Polsky, B. et al. Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8833): 1469. PMID 1360583. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3.
[11]
Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. October 1993, 14 (10): 154–156. PMID 12286905.

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[Chudnovskycite-1] [1]
Chudnovsky, A.; Niederberger, C.S. Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands--Major Headaches. Journal of Andrology. 2007, 28 (3): 374–5. PMID 17251594. doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.002576.

[chughtai-2] [2]
Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S. A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland. Int. J. Androl. April 2005, 28 (2): 74–7. PMID 15811067. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x.

[3] [3]
Vazquez E. Is it safe to suck?. Posit Aware. 1997, 8 (4): 15. PMID 11364482.

[zukerman-4] [4]
Zukerman Z.; Weiss D.B.; Orvieto R. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. April 2003, 20 (4): 157–159. PMC 3455634 . PMID 12762415. doi:10.1023/A:1022933320700.

[5] [5]
Gohara WF. Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus. Clin. Chem. February 1980, 26 (2): 254–7. PMID 6101549.^{[永久失效連結]}

[6] [6]
Jones, R.K., Fennell, J., Higgins, J.A. and Blanchard, K. Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal (PDF). Contraception. 2009, 79: 407–410 [2009-12-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-06-11）.

[Killick-7] [7]
Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA. Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid. Human Fertility. 2011, 14 (1): 48–52. PMC 3564677 . PMID 21155689. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798.

[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-8] [8]
Kovavisarach, E.; Lorthanawanich, S.; Muangsamran, P. Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016,. 99 Suppl 2: S38–41. ISSN 0125-2208. PMID 27266214.

[9] [9]
Pudney, J., Oneta, M., Mayer, K., Seage, G., Anderson, D. Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8833): 1470. PMID 1360584. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4.

[10] [10]
Ilaria, G., Jacobs, J.L., Polsky, B. et al. Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8833): 1469. PMID 1360583. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3.

[HIV-11] [11]
Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. October 1993, 14 (10): 154–156. PMID 12286905.

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預射精液

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