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来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
插綴(Transfix)在構詞學中指在詞根(閃語族詞根)中插入的不連續詞綴,屬於構詞學的詞根活用式系統,可在多種閃語中見到。
不連續詞綴為語音組件在單詞中不連續,圍繞着構成詞根的語音攤開詞綴。詞根常常是一系列難懂的三個子音,雖然單子音、雙字母、四字母詞根也實際存在。[1]三子音詞根的例子如阿拉伯語的 d–r–b ,可以曲折為 daraba (打擊)和 idribunna (打擊他們(陰性))。[2]一般認為三子音詞根是最普遍的型態,部分語言學家斷定雙字母詞根可能實際上是默認的,但至少有一位學者懷疑這些主張的合法性。[1]
插綴在範型指定下安置到詞根的既定位置,範型綁定了所賦予詞形變化或衍生之特定意義。[3]前述的插綴例子如 a–a–a 和 i––i–unna 。
插綴不同於前綴、後綴和中綴,完整的插綴配置到詞根的整體結構之中。插綴並非前綴、後綴和中綴的組合,有其獨自的結構,拆散在字詞之中。插綴另一項和其他詞綴的不同點在於各個組件本身不具意涵。再看到 daraba 這個字,組件 a–a–a 單方面編譯不出任何意義。僅能一起產生出不定詞意涵。
下列範例為馬爾他語的動詞曲折、阿拉伯語名詞衍生、豪薩語名詞複數變化,三者皆屬於亞非語系。
完成式 | 未完成式 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
單數 | ||||
第一人稱 | qtilt | "I killed" | noqtol | "I kill" |
第二人稱 | qtilt | "You killed" | toqtol | "You kill" |
第三人稱陽性 | qatel | "He killed" | joqtol | "He kills" |
第三人稱陰性 | qatlet | "She killed" | toqtol | "She kills" |
Plural | ||||
第一人稱 | qtilna | "We killed" | noqtlu | "We kill" |
第二人稱 | qtiltu | "You killed" | toqtlu | "You kill" |
第三人稱 | qatlu | "They killed" | joqtlu | "They kill" |
The Maltese example efficiently demonstrates the broad nature of transfixes and how they can be inserted into a root.
阿拉伯語轉寫 | 翻譯 |
---|---|
kataba | 'preaching, orating' |
katb | 'matter, affair, concern' |
kutub | 'matters, affairs, concerns' |
kitab | 'public address, speech, oration' |
kitba | 'courtship, engagement' |
kitaba | 'rhetoric, oratory' |
takatub | 'conversation, talk, discussion' |
mukatib | 'conversation partner, interlocutor' |
The Arabic example shows the ways in which a great variety of different nouns can be derived from a single root through the use of transfixes.
單數 | 複數 | ||
---|---|---|---|
zártòò | 「saw」 | zárààtáá | "saws" |
ɡárkèè | "herd" | ɡárààkáá | "herds" |
sárkʲíí | "emir" | sàrààkáí | "emirs" |
ɡʷúrɡʷùù | "cripple" | ɡʷúrààɡʷúú | "cripples" |
ʔárzìkʲíí | "fortune" | ʔárzúkàà | "fortunes" |
The Hausa example demonstrates the presence of transfixation in non-Semitic languages, though the phenomenon does not seem to leave the Afro-Asiatic family.
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