西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國,又稱西班牙-阿茲特克戰爭(1519-1521),是西班牙殖民美洲的過程中最重要的戰役之一。這一場戰役之後西班牙殖民者成功鎮壓了阿茲特克人,並佔領了今日墨西哥中部地區,但並未征服整個現代墨西哥地區。
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自從哥倫布發現美洲大陸、並在那裏建立了數個殖民據點之後,在西班牙王室的授權下,殖民者以殖民據點為根據地,四處派出遠征隊,發現、征服並且殖民新領地。1519年2月,西班牙殖民者在埃爾南·科爾特斯的率領下從墨西哥灣登陸,向阿茲特克前進,在此之前,科爾特斯沒有任何軍事經驗。阿茲特克人卻將他們請進了首都特諾奇蒂特蘭。但西班牙人卻軟禁了皇帝蒙特祖馬二世,向阿茲特克人勒索黃金。科爾特斯隨後被憤怒的阿茲特克人擊敗,被迫逃亡到與阿茲特克敵對的國家特拉斯卡拉尋求庇護。一年之後,在特拉斯卡拉、森波阿拉等與阿茲特克敵對國家的幫助下,科爾特斯再次攻打阿茲特克,在1521年8月13日以沉重地代價攻陷了特諾奇提特蘭,將其夷為平地,改建為墨西哥城。
Thomas, Hugh.Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 528-529.
Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239: states that Cortes's men lost all the artillery they had initially arrived with during La Noche Triste.
Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons, before acquiring the forces of Pánfilo de Narváez.
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