Aller, Lawrence H.; Hyung, Siek, Historical Remarks on the Spectroscopic Analysis of Planetary Nebulae (invited review), Kwok, Sun; Dopita, Michael; Sutherland, Ralph (編), Planetary Nebulae: Their Evolution and Role in the Universe, Proceedings of the 209th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, 19–23 November 2001, International Astronomical Union Symposium 209, Canberra, Australia: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 15, 2003, Bibcode:2003IAUS..209...15A
Allison, Mark, Star clusters and how to observe them, Birkhäuser: 56–8, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84628-190-7
Bowen, I. S., The Origin of the Chief Nebular Lines, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, October 1927, 39: 295–7, Bibcode:1927PASP...39..295B, doi:10.1086/123745
Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam, Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae, New Astronomy, November 2009, 14 (8): 654–8, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, arXiv:0903.3364, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006, A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A., Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, May 2010, 27 (2): 129–148, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, arXiv:1002.1525, doi:10.1071/AS09040
Kwok, Sun; Su, Kate Y. L., Discovery of Multiple Coaxial Rings in the Quadrupolar Planetary Nebula NGC 6881, The Astrophysical Journal, December 2005, 635 (1): L49–52, Bibcode:2005ApJ...635L..49K, doi:10.1086/499332, We report the discovery of multiple two-dimensional rings in the quadrupolar planetary nebula NGC 6881. As many as four pairs of rings are seen in the bipolar lobes, and three rings are seen in the central torus. While the rings in the lobes have the same axis as one pair of the bipolar lobes, the inner rings are aligned with the other pair. The two pairs of bipolar lobes are likely to be carved out by two separate high-velocity outflows from the circumstellar material left over from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind. The two-dimensional rings could be the results of dynamical instabilities or the consequence of a fast outflow interacting with remnants of discrete AGB circumstellar shells.
Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward, Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. , 編, Planetary nebulae in the GLIMPSE survey, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Symposium #234, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2006, 2 (S234): 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668, Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for ∼1/3 of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.
Liu, X.-W.; Storey, P. J.; Barlow, M. J.; Danziger, I. J.; Cohen, M.; Bryce, M., NGC 6153: a super–metal–rich planetary nebula?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 2000, 312 (3): 585–628, Bibcode:2000MNRAS.312..585L, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03167.x
Maciel, W. J.; Costa, R. D. D.; Idiart, T. E. P., Planetary nebulae and the chemical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds, Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, October 2009, 45: 127–37, Bibcode:2009RMxAA..45..127M, arXiv:0904.2549, These objects are produced by low and intermediate mass stars, with main sequence masses roughly between 0.8 and 8 M⊙, and present a reasonably large age and metallicity spread.
Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D., In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, December 2007, 119 (862): 1349–60, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, arXiv:0710.2900, doi:10.1086/524414
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Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M., Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011, 531: A158, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, arXiv:1105.5731, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084
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Osterbrock, Donald E.; Ferland, G. J., Ferland, G. J. , 編, Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei, University Science Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1-891389-34-4
Parker, Quentin A.; Acker, A.; Frew, D. J.; Hartley, M.; Peyaud, A. E. J.; Ochsenbein, F.; Phillipps, S.; Russeil, D.; Beaulieu, S. F.; Cohen, M.; Köppen, J.; Miszalski, B.; Morgan, D. H.; Morris, R. A. H.; Pierce, M. J.; Vaughan, A. E., The Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα Planetary Nebula Catalogue: MASH, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2006, 373 (1): 79–94, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373...79P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x
Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J., PHR 1315–6555: A bipolar planetary nebula in the compact Hyades-age open cluster ESO 96-SC04, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, May 2011, 413 (3): 1835–1844, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, arXiv:1101.3814, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x
Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant, Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution, Astronomical Journal, November 1999, 118 (5): 2430–41, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313, doi:10.1086/301091
Planetary Nebulae, SEDS, September 9, 2013 [2013-11-10], (原始內容存檔於2013-11-10)
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