社會主義經濟學

社會主義經濟學（Socialist economics）包括假設的和現有的社會主義經濟制度的經濟理論、實踐和規範。^[1]社會主義經濟制度的特點是生產資料的社會所有和經營^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}，可以採取自治合作社或以生產為載體的直接公有制形式直接用於使用而非盈利。^{[8][9][10][11]}利用市場在經濟單位之間分配資本貨物和生產要素的社會主義制度被稱為市場社會主義。實行計劃經濟時，經濟體制被指定為社會主義計劃經濟。非市場形式的社會主義通常包括以實物計算為基礎的會計制度，以評估資源和貨物。^[12][13]

流派概覽

社會主義經濟學與不同的經濟思想流派聯繫在一起。馬克思經濟學為基於資本主義分析的社會主義提供了基礎^[14]，而新古典經濟學和進化經濟學提供了社會主義的綜合模型^[15]。20世紀，社會主義計劃經濟和市場經濟的建議和模式在很大程度上基於新古典經濟學與馬克思主義或制度經濟學的綜合。^{[16][17][18][19][20][21]}

作為一個術語，社會主義經濟學也可以應用於分析在社會主義國家實施的以前和現有的經濟制度，例如匈牙利經濟學家雅諾什·科爾奈的著作。^[22]19世紀美國個人主義無政府主義者本傑明·塔克將亞當·斯密和李嘉圖社會主義者以及皮埃爾-約瑟夫·蒲魯東、卡爾·馬克思和約西亞·沃倫的古典經濟學與社會主義聯繫起來，認為社會主義思想有兩個流派，即無政府主義社會主義和國家社會主義，它們的共同點是勞動價值論。^[23]社會主義者不同意對經濟進行社會控制或監管的程度；社會應該在多大程度上進行干預，以及政府，特別是現有政府，是否是變革的正確工具，這些都是分歧的問題。^[24]

參考資料

1. Lerner, A. P. Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics. The Review of Economic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press). October 1938, 6 (1): 71–75. JSTOR 2967541. doi:10.2307/2967541.
2. Sinclair, Upton. Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. 1918. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
3. Busky, Donald F. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. 2000: 2. ISBN 978-0275968861. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
4. Rosser Jr., J. Barkley; Rosser, Mariana V. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003: 53. ISBN 978-0262182348. Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
5. Nove, Alec. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–18. 2008. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how. |chapter=被忽略 (幫助)
6. Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."
7. Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. 2011: 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
8. Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.
9. Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0415919665. "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. [...] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. [...] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. [...] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. [...] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""
10. Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. 1999: 175–77. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
11. Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011: 20. ISBN 978-0804775663. [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
12. Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0415919665.
13. Socialist Party of Great Britain. Socialism and Calculation (PDF). World Socialist Movement. [15 February 2010]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於7 June 2011）.
14. Veblein, Throstein. The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press). February 1907, 21 (2): 299–322. JSTOR 1883435. doi:10.2307/1883435.
15. Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press). 1994. ISBN 978-0674339460. |chapter=被忽略 (幫助)
16. Taylor, Fred M. The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State. The American Economic Review. 1929, 19 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 1809581.
17. Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in F. A. Hayek, ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN 978-0-7100-1506-8 pp. 245–90.
18. F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN 978-1-56159-197-8, v. 1, p. 195.
19. János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828776-6, p. 476.
20. Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-0479-8,pp. 414–15.
21. Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-93344-5, p. 170
22. Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for download.
23. Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN 978-1859731499.
24. Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9780810855601.