揚·范艾克(早於公元1390年—早於公元1441年7月9日),弗蘭德畫家和十五世紀名聲顯赫的北方文藝復興的藝術家之一,早期活躍於布呂赫。他為早期尼德蘭畫派最偉大的畫家之一,也是十五世紀北方後哥德式繪畫的創始人。除與其兄休伯特·范艾克合作完成的《根特祭壇畫》和簽有字母Hand G(人們認為是Jan)的《都靈-米蘭時光》泥金裝飾手抄本之外,大約只有25部完成於1432年至1439年間倖存的作品歸屬於他[1]。其中包括根特祭壇畫在內的十部作品,是標有完成日期和由希臘字母綴成的一系列范艾克名字的雙關座右銘ALS IK KAN (As I (Eyck) can)[2]簽名。
關於揚·范艾克早期生活的記錄十分匱乏,歷史上並沒有記載他出生日期和地點的文獻。 現存最早史料來源於海牙巴伐利亞 - 施特勞賓的約翰的宮廷記錄,其中有幾筆支付給宮廷畫家Meyster Jan den malre(Master Jan the painter)和其兩名助手的費用[7]。這表明揚·范艾克最早出生於公元1395年。但是,1433年他在倫敦創作的作品一個男人的畫像則更多地證明他出生於1380年左右[4]。又有資料顯示,公元1500年之後,他出生在列日主教管區馬塞克[8]。從詞源學角度來看,這種說法還有頗有根據的:考慮到"Van Eyck"的意思是"of Eyck",它是較早的"eik"的另一種拼法;揚·范艾克逝世後,他的女兒Lievine在馬塞克一家修道院修道的事實也為此說增加了論據。此外,他在為作品《空墓前的三聖女》(Portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergat)所做的準備素描筆記則是用馬塞克方言完成的。
他有一個名為瑪格麗特的同胞姐妹和至少兩個畫家兄弟:休伯特·范艾克(死於公元1426年),Lambert (活躍於公元1431 至 公元1442年間),但是他們的長幼秩序卻不甚明了[4]。另外一個在法國南部出名的年輕人Barthélemy van Eyck也被認為和揚·范艾克是親戚[9]。我們對於揚·范艾克在哪裏接受教育一無所知,但是不難肯定的是他懂得拉丁文、希臘文,並在很多落款中使用希伯來字母;這些都表明他受過古典學教育。從他的墓碑上的紋章辨別,人們認為他出生於一個紳士階級[4]。很少有畫家能夠有幸獲得這種教育,這也是他能夠為Philip所賞識成為宮廷畫家不可或缺的要素之一[10]。
作品
《阿爾諾非尼夫婦》(Portrait of Arnolfini and his Wife),1434年,收藏於英國國家美術館
Châtelet, Albert, Early Dutch Painting, Painting in the northern Netherlands in the fifteenth century. 27–8, 1980, Montreux, Lausanne, ISBN 2-88260-009-7
Ainsworth, Maryan; Christiansen, Keith (eds). From Van Eyck to Bruegel Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998. ISBN 0-300-08609-1
Borchert, Till-Holger. Van Eyck. London: Taschen, 2008. ISBN 3-8228-5687-8
Borchert, Till-Holger ed. Age of Van Eyck: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting. Exh. cat. Groeningemuseum, Stedelijke Musea Brugge. Bruges: Luidon, 2002
Borchert, Till-Holger. Van Eyck to Durer. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 978-0-500-23883-7
Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools. London: National Gallery Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-85709-171-X
Chilvers, Ian. The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-860476-9
Foister, Susan, Sue Jones and Delphine Cool, eds. Investigating Jan van Eyck. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000
Friedländer, Max J. Early Netherlandish Painting. Translated by Heinz Norden. Leiden: Praeger, 1967–76. ASIN B0006BQGOW
Graham, Jenny. Inventing van Eyck: The remaking of an artist for the modern age. Oxford and New York: Berg, 2007
Harbison, Craig. Jan van Eyck: The Play of Realism. Edinburgh: Reaktion Books, 1997. ISBN 0-948462-79-5
Harbison, Craig. "Realism and Symbolism in Early Flemish Painting". The Art Bulletin, Volume 66, No. 4, December, 1984
Jones, Susan Frances. Van Eyck to Gossaert. National Gallery, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85709-504-3
Kemperdick, Stephan. The Early Portrait, from the Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein and the Kunstmuseum Basel. Munich: Prestel, 2006. ISBN 3-7913-3598-7
Koerner, Joseph Leo. The moment of self-portraiture in German Renaissance art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0-226-44999-8
Kren, Thomas; McKendrick, Scott (eds). Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. Los Angeles: Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003. ISBN 1-903973-28-7
Macfall, Haldane. "A History of Painting: The Renaissance in the North and the Flemish Genius Part Four". Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. 15. ISBN 1-4179-4509-5
Pächt, Otto. Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting. New York: Harvey Miller, 1994. ISBN 1-872501-81-8
Panofsky, Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting. London: Harper Collins, 1971. ISBN 0-06-430002-1
Philips, Lotte B. "The Ghent Altarpiece and the Art of Jan van Eyck". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-691-03870-8
Seidel, Linda. "The Value of Verisimilitude in the Art of Jan Van Eyck". "Yale French Studies"; Contexts: Style and Values in Medieval Art and Literature, 1991
Smith, Jeffrey. The Northern Renaissance (Art and Ideas). London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-3867-5
Van Der Elst, Joseph. "The Last Flowering of the Middle Ages". Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-4191-3806-5
Ward, John. "Disguised Symbolism as Enactive Symbolism in Van Eyck's Paintings". Artibus et Historiae, Volume 15, No. 29, 1994
Wolff, Martha; Hand, John Oliver. Early Netherlandish painting. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1987. ISBN 0-521-34016-0
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