岩株

岩株（英語：Stock(geology)）在地質學中，是指露出地表小於 100 平方公里（40 平方英里）的侵入火成岩^[1]^[2]。它與岩磐成因相似但比岩磐規模小。岩株與其侵入的岩石之間的接觸是不整合面。許多岩株是埋在地下岩磐的的露出的圓頂。^[3]。圓形或橢圓形的岩株可能是火山栓的頂^[4] ^[5]。Boss是指小岩株^[6]。

岩株是由在地殼深處的岩漿冷卻形成。主要由長英質火成岩石類型組成，例如花崗岩、石英二長岩或閃長岩^[7]。

形成

岩株的表面看起來很均勻的，但是有復雜的演化歷史和結構成分。它們可由多個、不同尺寸（通常至少數公里）的火成岩體組成。需要經過年齡、成分、紋理或結構的分析，才能在其內部劃分不同岩石區塊。每個岩石區塊都是單獨從的侵入岩漿凝固而成的火成岩。

這些深成火成岩體是岩漿形成底闢上升而造成的。因為岩漿底闢是液態的並且非常熱，由於浮力讓它們穿過周圍岩石而上升。大多數岩漿底闢不會到達地表而形成火山，通常是在地下 5 至 30 公里處，冷卻凝固為深成火成岩。另一種觀點認為，深成火成岩岩體不是由大型岩漿底闢的上升形成的，而是由較小體積的岩脈聚集而成的^[8]。

實例

猶他州帕克城附近的阿爾塔和克萊頓峰岩株（由花崗閃長岩組成)^[9]。

加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的 Hellroaring Creek 和 Salal Creek 岩株（分別為花崗岩-花崗閃長岩和石英二長岩^[10]^[11]。

法國比利牛斯-東方的 Céret 岩株（輝長岩和閃長岩^[12]。

哥倫比亞 La Guajira 省的 Parashi 岩株（tonalite^[13]。

大加那利島 Caldera de Tejeda 的正長岩岩株^[14]。

在蘇格蘭的艾爾薩克雷格花崗岩小岩株，是一個火山栓^[5]。

參考文獻

[1]
Gabler, R.E. et al. (2009) Physical Geography (9th edition), Cengage Learning Inc., page 390.
[2]
Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 513. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
[3]
Albert, Fay H. (1947). A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 200
[4]
Kikauka, Andris (1996). Geological, Geochemical, and Diamond Drilling Report on the Salal 1-6 Claims, Pemberton, B.C. (Report). Sooke, British Columbia: Geo-Facts. p. 7.
[5]
Gillen, C. (2003). Geology and Landscapes of Scotland (2nd edition). Dunedin. ISBN 978-1780460093.
[6]
Coash, John R. (1967). "Geology of the Mount Velma Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada". Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin. 68: 16.
[7]
Petersen, James F.; Sack, Dorothy; Gabler, Robert E. (2017). Physical Geography (11th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning Inc. p. 614. ISBN 978-1-305-65264-4.
[8]
Hall, Clarence A. Jr. (2007). Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780520249325.
[9]
Cook, Stephen J.; Bowman, John R. (1994). "Contact metamorphism surrounding the Alta stock: Thermal constraints and evidence of advective heat transport from calcite + dolomite geothermometry" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 79: 513–525.
[10]
S.G. Soloviev (2011). Compositional Features and Rare Metal Mineralization of the Hellroaring Creek Stock, Southeastern British Columbia (NTS 082F/09) – Geological Fieldwork 2011, Paper 2012-1 (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. pp. 181–198.
[11]
Mustard, D. K.; Campbell, C. B. (1971). Salal Creek Molybdenum Property (Report). Government of British Columbia. pp. 6, 7, 8, 9.
[12]
Aguilar, C.; Liesa, M.; Reche, J.; Powell, R. (2016). "Fluid-fluxed melting and melt loss in a syntectonic contact metamorphic aureole from the Variscan eastern Pyrenees". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 34 (4): 379–400. doi:10.1111/jmg.12187.
[13]
Martínez, Lina Fernanda; Zuluaga C., Carlos A. (2010). "Thermal modeling of pluton emplacement and associated contact metamorphism: Parashi stock emplacement in the Serranía de Jarara (Alta Guajira, Colombia)". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 14 (2).
[14]
Pérez Torrado, F.J.; Carracedo, J.C. (2002). "Cenozoic volcanism II - the Canary Islands – Gran Canaria". In Gibbons, W.; Moreno, T. (eds.). The Geology of Spain. The Geological Society. p. 448. ISBN 1-86239-110-6.

[”Gabler”-1] [1]
Gabler, R.E. et al. (2009) Physical Geography (9th edition), Cengage Learning Inc., page 390.

[”Whittow”-2] [2]
Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 513. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.

[”Albert”-3] [3]
Albert, Fay H. (1947). A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 200

[”Kikauka”-4] [4]
Kikauka, Andris (1996). Geological, Geochemical, and Diamond Drilling Report on the Salal 1-6 Claims, Pemberton, B.C. (Report). Sooke, British Columbia: Geo-Facts. p. 7.

[”Gillen”-5] [5]
Gillen, C. (2003). Geology and Landscapes of Scotland (2nd edition). Dunedin. ISBN 978-1780460093.

[”Coash”-6] [6]
Coash, John R. (1967). "Geology of the Mount Velma Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada". Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin. 68: 16.

[”-7] [7]
Petersen, James F.; Sack, Dorothy; Gabler, Robert E. (2017). Physical Geography (11th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning Inc. p. 614. ISBN 978-1-305-65264-4.

[”Hall,”-8] [8]
Hall, Clarence A. Jr. (2007). Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780520249325.

[Cook”-9] [9]
Cook, Stephen J.; Bowman, John R. (1994). "Contact metamorphism surrounding the Alta stock: Thermal constraints and evidence of advective heat transport from calcite + dolomite geothermometry" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 79: 513–525.

[”S.G”-10] [10]
S.G. Soloviev (2011). Compositional Features and Rare Metal Mineralization of the Hellroaring Creek Stock, Southeastern British Columbia (NTS 082F/09) – Geological Fieldwork 2011, Paper 2012-1 (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. pp. 181–198.

[”Mustard”-11] [11]
Mustard, D. K.; Campbell, C. B. (1971). Salal Creek Molybdenum Property (Report). Government of British Columbia. pp. 6, 7, 8, 9.

[”Aguilar”-12] [12]
Aguilar, C.; Liesa, M.; Reche, J.; Powell, R. (2016). "Fluid-fluxed melting and melt loss in a syntectonic contact metamorphic aureole from the Variscan eastern Pyrenees". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 34 (4): 379–400. doi:10.1111/jmg.12187.

[Martí”-13] [13]
Martínez, Lina Fernanda; Zuluaga C., Carlos A. (2010). "Thermal modeling of pluton emplacement and associated contact metamorphism: Parashi stock emplacement in the Serranía de Jarara (Alta Guajira, Colombia)". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 14 (2).

[Pére”-14] [14]
Pérez Torrado, F.J.; Carracedo, J.C. (2002). "Cenozoic volcanism II - the Canary Islands – Gran Canaria". In Gibbons, W.; Moreno, T. (eds.). The Geology of Spain. The Geological Society. p. 448. ISBN 1-86239-110-6.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]