安提豐 (智者)

智者安提豐（英語：Antiphon the Sophist)，這一名稱用於指代數篇智者派論述的作者。他可能於公元前5世紀的最後二十年間曾居住在雅典，但有關於其生平則付諸厥如。^[1]

爭議在於，這些智者論述的作者是否實際上就是演說家安提豐，或者說智者安提豐是否真的是另一個人。這仍是一項尚待考證的學界爭議。近期的編纂者，如加加林、拉克斯以及莫斯特認為只有一名安提豐，而G.J.潘德里克則認為有兩名不同安提豐。^[2]

在其名下的論述中，最重要的要數《論真理》。從天文到數學，乃至道德和倫理，其殘篇涉及到了許多不同的主題。^[3] 其他的論述殘篇諸如《論和諧》和《政治篇》有時會被認為是演說家安提豐而非智者的作品。^[4]

另一項爭議在於，以安提豐為作者的《夢的解釋》是否是智者安提豐的作品，抑或是另一名安提豐所著。潘德里克、拉克斯以及莫斯特的版本都將這篇作品歸到智者名下。^[5]

思想

歸於智者安提豐名下的殘篇《論真理》在政治學理論上具有相當的價值。因為這篇論述似乎是自然權利（天賦人權）理論的先驅者。根據其內容中所表述的見解，其作者應該不是演說家拉姆諾斯的安提豐，因為其內容相當強烈地肯定與民主政體相適應的平等主義和自由主義，且與拉姆諾斯的安提豐的寡頭政治見解相對。後者在反民主的前411年雅典政變中起到了作用。^[6] 然而，鑑於1984年發現的另一段《論真理》殘篇，對其以平等主義做解釋應該已經行不通了。^[7]

以下段落可能意味着智者安提豐有強烈的自由主義傾向：

"本性" 需要自由

《論真理》中羅列了習俗和法律對本性(φύσις)，特別是人的本性的壓制特性。安提豐認為本性需要自然和自由，而不是體制強加在人身上的無理限制:

大部分在法律上正義的事對本性是有害的。通過法律，人們的眼睛應該看什麼以及不應該看什麼；人們的耳朵應該聽什麼以及不應該聽什麼；人們的舌頭應該說什麼以及不應該說什麼；人們的手應該做什麼以及不應該做什麼，人們的思想應該欲求什麼以及不應該欲求什麼，都已經定下來了。^[8]

壓制意味着痛苦，而迴避痛苦是自然而然的事。

安提豐還寫道：「生命是一場短暫的守夜，其時長猶如一日，睜開雙眼，我們便將位置交付給來者」^[9] 意大利希臘學家馬里奧·昂特斯坦納對此評論道：「如果死亡是因着自然的，那麼為何要折磨其同樣自然的生命呢？」通過訴諸這一悲劇性的存在法則，安提豐以一種人性的口吻，希望人能解脫那一切對個性有害之物^[10] 據記載，安提豐在集市中建立了一個鋪子，而他則在那裏安慰喪失親人的人們。^[11]

參考來源

[1]
G.J. Pendrick, Antiphon the Sophist (2002) p.26
[2]
For a survey of the issues involved, see Pendrick, pp. 2–24. A. Laks and G. W. Most, Early Greek Philosophy vol. IX (2016) pp. 2–3.
[3]
Pendrick, pp. 32-35
[4]
Pendrick, pp. 39-49
[5]
On this issue, see Pendrick, pp. 24–26.
[6]
W. K C. Guthrie, The Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971; see also Mario Untersteiner who cites Oxyrhynchus Papyrus #1364 fragment 2 in his The Sophists, tr. Kathleen Freeman (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), p. 252
[7]
pp. 351, 356, Gerard Pendrick, 2002, Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments, Cambridge U. Press; also p. 98 n. 41 of Richard Winton's "Herodotus, Thucydides, and the sophists" in C.Rowe & M.Schofield, The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought, Cambridge 2005.
[8]
Antiphon, On Truth, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, xi, no. 1364, fragment 1, quoted in Donald Kagan (ed.) Sources in Greek Political Thought from Homer to Polybius "Sources in Western Political Thought, A. Hacker, gen. ed.; New York: Free Press, 2965
[9]
Fr. 50 DK, quoted at Stobaeus 4.34.63.
[10]
Mario Untersteiner, The Sophists, tr. Kathleen Freeman (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 247
[11]
Michael Gagarin, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1 (2010), p. 281.

參考文獻

Edition, with commentary, by Eduard Maetzner (1838)
Text by Friedrich Blass (1881)
R. C. Jebb, Attic Orators
Ps.-Plutarch, Vitae X. Oratorum or Lives of the Ten Orators
Philostratus, Vit. Sophistarum, i. 15
Frank Lovis Van Cleef, Index Antiphonteus, Ithaca, N.Y. (1895)
"Antiphon" at Swansea University's website.
Michael Gagarin, Antiphon the Athenian, 2002, U. of Texas Press. Argues for the identification of Antiphon the Sophist and Antiphon of Rhamnus.
Gerard Pendrick, Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments, 2002, Cambridge U. Press. Argues that Antiphon the Sophist and Antiphon of Rhamnus are two, and provides a new edition of and commentary on the fragments attributed to the Sophist.
David Hoffman, "Antiphon the Athenian: Oratory, Law and Justice in the Age of the Sophists/Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments", Rhetoric Society Quarterly, summer 2006. A review of Gagarin 2002 and Pendrick 2002.
Jordi Redondo, 'Antifont. Discursos I–II', Barcelona, Fundació Bernat Metge, 2003–2004 (ISBN 84-7225-822-X et 84-7225-840-8). Argues for the identification of both authors.

延伸閱讀

Kerferd, G.B. Antiphon. Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: 170–172. 1970. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.

外部連結

Antiphon's Apology, the Papyrus Fragments, French 1907 edition from the Internet Archive
Xenophon's Memorabilia 1.6.1–.15 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） presents a dialogue between Antiphon the Sophist and Socrates.
Speeches by Antiphon of Rhamnus on Perseus
A bio on Antiphon of Rhamnus by Richard C. Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos, 1876 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） on Perseus
約翰·J·奧康納; 埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜, Antiphon, MacTutor數學史檔案（英語）
Antiphon Orations （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on "Callicles and Thrasymachus" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） discusses the views of Antiphon the Sophist.

[1] [1]
G.J. Pendrick, Antiphon the Sophist (2002) p.26

[2] [2]
For a survey of the issues involved, see Pendrick, pp. 2–24. A. Laks and G. W. Most, Early Greek Philosophy vol. IX (2016) pp. 2–3.

[3] [3]
Pendrick, pp. 32-35

[4] [4]
Pendrick, pp. 39-49

[5] [5]
On this issue, see Pendrick, pp. 24–26.

[6] [6]
W. K C. Guthrie, The Sophists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971; see also Mario Untersteiner who cites Oxyrhynchus Papyrus #1364 fragment 2 in his The Sophists, tr. Kathleen Freeman (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), p. 252

[7] [7]
pp. 351, 356, Gerard Pendrick, 2002, Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments, Cambridge U. Press; also p. 98 n. 41 of Richard Winton's "Herodotus, Thucydides, and the sophists" in C.Rowe & M.Schofield, The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought, Cambridge 2005.

[8] [8]
Antiphon, On Truth, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, xi, no. 1364, fragment 1, quoted in Donald Kagan (ed.) Sources in Greek Political Thought from Homer to Polybius "Sources in Western Political Thought, A. Hacker, gen. ed.; New York: Free Press, 2965

[9] [9]
Fr. 50 DK, quoted at Stobaeus 4.34.63.

[10] [10]
Mario Untersteiner, The Sophists, tr. Kathleen Freeman (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 247

[11] [11]
Michael Gagarin, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1 (2010), p. 281.

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