安東尼·范·迪門

安東尼·范·迪門（荷蘭語：Antonio van Diemen），1593年出生於荷蘭屈倫博赫，1645年4月19日逝世於巴達維亞。為任期自1636年至1645年間的荷屬東印度總督，是鞏固荷蘭在遠東殖民力量的奠基者。印尼華人歷史文獻《開吧歷代史紀》記載其名爲「安多哖伴慮宜」。

起初他是個經商不成功的商人，所以加入了荷蘭東印度公司。自1618年起，他主要駐於巴達維亞，直到1636年晉升為總督；升任總督之前，於1631年獲命為海軍上將。

1638年，為了加強公司在馬六甲地區的統治並控制自印度至中國的航海線，他代表荷蘭與特爾納特蘇丹簽訂了一紙非常有利於荷蘭的條約，從此經由戰爭（1638年起至1643年止），逐一佔領了原本歸於葡萄牙的殖民點：斯里蘭卡（1644年底定）和馬六甲（1641年）；迫使果阿邦總督和瓦爾斯國王前來求和，贏得當地辣椒和香料等的經營壟斷權。此外他在1642年派兵驅逐西班牙殖民勢力，取得福爾摩沙（今台灣島）的統治權；在印度科羅曼德爾海岸沿途設立據點；也是開啟荷蘭與越南東京及日本（德川幕府）貿易的奠基人。至他擔任總督的後期，荷蘭已經是東印度地區一支重要的政治和商業力量。

他除了積極擴張荷蘭東印度公司的勢力，也廣泛設置教導拉丁語的學校、天主教會、1所孤兒院和1所醫院等，並制定了《巴達維亞法典》，使律令容易使人明白而易於遵守。他於1642年至1644年間，派遣了阿貝爾·塔斯曼為首的航海探險隊，發現了以他而命名的范迪門斯地^[1]、塔斯曼海、紐西蘭、湯加、斐濟及澳大利亞的北海岸（今於達爾文西北的內海有一海灣取名為「Van Diemen Gulf」）。

他最後在1645年病逝於巴達維亞。荷蘭東印度公司給予其妻一筆豐厚的慰問金，使她得以返回荷蘭安享晚年。她的名字留在紐西蘭北島上的極西點「Cape Maria van Diemen」；這是阿貝爾·塔斯曼在1643年所命名的地方。另外一處則在塔斯曼尼亞島的東岸的「Maria Island」。

參考文獻

Van der Kraan, Alfons. "Anthony van Diemen: From Bankrupt to Governor-General, 1593-1636", The Great Circle: Journal of the Australian Association of Maritime History, 26.2, (2004:3-23).
Van der Kraan, Alfons. "Anthony van Diemen: Patron of Discovery and Exploration, 1636-45", The Great Circle, Journal of the Australian Association of Maritime History, 27.1, (2005:3-33).
Leonard Blussé and Nie Dening (2018). The Chinese Annals of Batavia, the Kai Ba Lidai Shiji and Other Stories (1610–1795). Brill. Leiden, Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-04-35670-2.

註釋

[1]
The name "Van Diemen's Land" name was retained when British settlement began there in 1803. It became a byword for horror in England because of the severity of its convict settlements such as Port Arthur and Macquarie Harbour. The name had acquired such odium that when it became a self-governing colony in 1855, one of the first acts of the new legislature was to change its name to Tasmania. "Tasmania is preferred, because 'Van Diemen's Land' is associated among all nations with bondage and guilt"John West remarked at the opening of his History of Tasmania (Launceston: Dowling) 1852, vol I:4). But the old name lingered for many years—Tasmanians were referred to as Vandemonians until the turn of the century

[1] [1]
The name "Van Diemen's Land" name was retained when British settlement began there in 1803. It became a byword for horror in England because of the severity of its convict settlements such as Port Arthur and Macquarie Harbour. The name had acquired such odium that when it became a self-governing colony in 1855, one of the first acts of the new legislature was to change its name to Tasmania. "Tasmania is preferred, because 'Van Diemen's Land' is associated among all nations with bondage and guilt"John West remarked at the opening of his History of Tasmania (Launceston: Dowling) 1852, vol I:4). But the old name lingered for many years—Tasmanians were referred to as Vandemonians until the turn of the century

[1]