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Cunliffe, Sir Barry. On the Ocean: The Mediterranean and the Atlantic from prehistory to AD 1500. Oxford University Press. 2017-09-29: 56 [2021-10-04]. ISBN 978-0-19-107534-6. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-12) (英語). the remnant Tethys became joined to the Atlantic, roughly along the line of what was to become the Strait of Gibraltar. About 5.96 million years ago this gap closed, initiating what is known as the Messinian Salinity Crisis, which lasted for more than half a million years before the Atlantic was reunited once more with the Mediterranean.
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