勞倫氏壺腹

勞倫氏壺腹（ampullae of Lorenzini）是一種稱為電感受器（英語：電感受）的特殊器官，是內部填充糊狀物質的空隙。軟骨魚綱（鯊魚、鰩總目、銀鮫目）魚類體內有勞倫氏壺腹，而在軟骨硬鱗附類中也有勞倫氏壺腹，例如蘆鰻^[1]及鱘科^[2]。在肺魚亞綱內也曾找到此一器官^[1]，真骨類有演化出另一種電感受器^[2]。勞倫氏壺腹最早是由斯特凡諾·勞倫齊尼在1678年發現。

這些感覺器官讓魚類可以感知水中的電場。每個壺腹都有許多充滿糊狀物質的細管，透過體側線在皮膚上有開口，另一端則會連結到一個充滿糊狀物質的囊中。壺腹會成群的分佈在體內，每一群會連接到不同部位的皮膚，不過會維持左右對稱。壺腹管的長度隨動物而不同，不過同一物種大致會有相同的特性。壺腹在皮膚表面的開孔會是明顯可見的黑點。壺腹讓魚類可以感知電場、磁場及溫度梯度等。

馬爾切洛·馬爾皮吉曾經描述過勞倫氏壺腹，後來具體的敘述是在1679年由意大利外科醫師及魚類學家斯特凡諾·勞倫齊尼提出，不過還不知道其功能^[3]。20世紀初的電生理學實驗推測勞倫氏壺腹可以感測溫度、力學的壓力，也可能可以感測鹽度。1960年時才確認勞倫氏壺腹是可以感測電場的特殊感覺器官^[4]^[5]。最早有關鈣活化鉀離子通道（英語：calcium-activated potassium channel）的敘述中，有些就是以鰩科勞倫氏壺腹的研究為基礎的^[6]。

[1]
Roth A, Tscharntke H. Ultrastructure of the ampullary electroreceptors in lungfish and Brachiopterygii. Cell Tissue Res. October 1976, 173 (1): 95–108. PMID 991235. doi:10.1007/bf00219268.
[2]
Gibbs MA, Northcutt RG. Development of the lateral line system in the shovelnose sturgeon. Brain Behav Evol. 2004, 64 (2): 70–84. PMID 15205543. doi:10.1159/000079117.
[3]
Baranes, Avi; Fishelson, Lev. Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of Lorenzini in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis (Triakidae), from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. The Anatomical Record. 6 January 1999, 251 (251: 417–430): 417–430 [21 March 2022]. PMID 9713980. S2CID 46064651. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199808)251:4<417::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-P. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-20）.
[4]
Murray RW. Electrical sensitivity of the ampullae of Lorenzini. Nature. September 1960, 187 (4741): 957. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..957M. PMID 13727039. doi:10.1038/187957a0 .
[5]
Murray RW. The response of the ampullae of Lorenzini of elasmobranchs to electrical stimulation. The Journal of Experimental Biology. March 1962, 39: 119–28. PMID 14477490. doi:10.1242/jeb.39.1.119.
[6]
Fields RD. The shark's electric sense.. Scientific American. August 2007, 297 (2): 74–81. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297b..74F. JSTOR 26069417. PMID 17894175. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0807-74.

[Ruth-1] [1]
Roth A, Tscharntke H. Ultrastructure of the ampullary electroreceptors in lungfish and Brachiopterygii. Cell Tissue Res. October 1976, 173 (1): 95–108. PMID 991235. doi:10.1007/bf00219268.

[Gibbs-2] [2]
Gibbs MA, Northcutt RG. Development of the lateral line system in the shovelnose sturgeon. Brain Behav Evol. 2004, 64 (2): 70–84. PMID 15205543. doi:10.1159/000079117.

[Baranes_Fishelson_1999-3] [3]
Baranes, Avi; Fishelson, Lev. Distribution, morphology, and cytology of ampullae of Lorenzini in the Oman shark, Iago omanensis (Triakidae), from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. The Anatomical Record. 6 January 1999, 251 (251: 417–430): 417–430 [21 March 2022]. PMID 9713980. S2CID 46064651. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199808)251:4<417::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-P. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-20）.

[Murray_1960-4] [4]
Murray RW. Electrical sensitivity of the ampullae of Lorenzini. Nature. September 1960, 187 (4741): 957. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..957M. PMID 13727039. doi:10.1038/187957a0 .

[Murray_1962-5] [5]
Murray RW. The response of the ampullae of Lorenzini of elasmobranchs to electrical stimulation. The Journal of Experimental Biology. March 1962, 39: 119–28. PMID 14477490. doi:10.1242/jeb.39.1.119.

[Fields_2007b-6] [6]
Fields RD. The shark's electric sense.. Scientific American. August 2007, 297 (2): 74–81. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297b..74F. JSTOR 26069417. PMID 17894175. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0807-74.

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勞倫氏壺腹

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