俾路支解放軍

俾路支解放軍
俾路支解放軍
بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی
	俾路支解放軍的旗幟
領導人	凱爾·巴赫什·馬里（英語：Khair Bakhsh Marri） (2014年去世); 俾路支·馬里（英語：Balach Marri） † (2007年身亡); 阿斯拉姆·俾路支（Aslam Baloch Achu） †; 阿克巴·布格蒂（英語：Akbar Bugti） † (據稱，2006年身亡) ; 海比爾·馬里（英語：Hyrbyair Marri） (據稱);
成立時間	2000
總部	阿富汗坎達哈（2021年前）
活躍地區	巴基斯坦; （俾路支省和信德省）; 阿富汗
意識形態	俾路支民族主義
狀態	活躍
人數	500-2,000 (2020)
盟友	俾路支解放陣線; 俾路支共和軍（英語：Baloch Republican Army）; 拉什卡-俾路支（英語：Lashkar-e-Balochistan）; 俾路支聯合解放陣線（英語：Balochistan Liberation United Front）; 俾路支學生組織（英語：Baloch Students Organization）
對手	巴基斯坦; 中國
戰役、戰爭	俾路支斯坦衝突
被以下; 認定為恐怖組織	巴基斯坦; 美國; 英國; 歐洲聯盟; 中國;

俾（bei2）路支解放軍（烏爾都語：بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی‎‎；英語：Balochistan Liberation Army，縮寫為BLA）是巴基斯坦與阿富汗一個俾路支人的武裝組織^[12]。2004年起，俾路支解放軍武力對抗巴基斯坦政府，聲稱旨在為長年受壓迫的俾路支人爭取平權與民族自決^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]。俾路支解放軍大多在巴基斯坦的俾路支省活動，常對巴基斯坦武裝部隊發動攻擊^[17]。

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俾路支解放軍被巴基斯坦、英國^[18]^[19]^[20]、歐盟、美國和中國等國認定為恐怖組織^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]。印度被巴基斯坦指控支持該組織^[25]。

外國支援

目前的俾路支解放軍成立於2000年，但其源頭可以追述到1964年冷戰期間蘇聯克格勃利用當地左翼學生運動成立的俾路支民族主義組織^[7]。21世紀初，巴基斯坦指控俾路支解放軍為印度所操控，且印度於阿富汗坎達哈與賈拉拉巴德等地的領事館為其提供軍事、經濟資助和武裝訓練，目的為造成巴基斯坦動盪^[26]^[27]。有一些觀察家也認為印度暗中支持俾路支解放軍^[28]，但俾路支解放軍的領導人否認其組織與印度有任何關聯^[29]。

一則維基解密洩漏的電報顯示巴基斯坦三軍情報局認為印度、阿拉伯聯合酋長國與俄羅斯政府均暗中援助、支持俾路支解放軍^[30]。2023年12月27日，據巴基斯坦《觀察家報》報道有俾路支解放軍指揮官投降稱當地抗爭有印度幕後參與^[31]。

主要攻擊

2013年真納故居襲擊（英語：2013 Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack）
2017年瓜達爾工人槍擊案（英語：2017 Gwadar labors shooting）
2017年赫爾奈爆炸案（英語：2017 Harnai bombing）
2018年中國駐卡拉奇領事館襲擊案
2022年卡拉奇大學爆炸案
2024年巴基斯坦空襲伊朗境內目標

對武裝分子的清剿行動

巴基斯坦和伊朗在俾路支地區均面臨着分離主義武裝分子的襲擊，且雙方互相指責對方境內包庇敵對武裝分子。巴基斯坦政府認為伊朗境內有俾路支解放軍的活動，而伊朗則認為正義軍在巴基斯坦境內活動。^[32]

2024年巴基斯坦空襲伊朗境內俾路支目標

在伊朗空襲巴基斯坦境內的俾路支目標後，伊朗東南部與巴基斯坦接壤的錫斯坦—俾路支斯坦省於1月18日遭到無人機和導彈襲擊，爆炸聲傳出，造成九人死亡，其中包括三名婦女和四名兒童，但據悉，死者並非伊朗人。^[33]
巴基斯坦外交部表示，他們充分尊重伊朗主權和領土完整。"今天行動的唯一目標是維護巴基斯坦自身的安全和國家利益，這至關重要，也絕對不能妥協。"然而，巴方並未公佈攻擊的具體地點。
來自伊斯蘭堡的情報顯示，軍方飛機執行此次打擊任務，目標是俾路支解放軍和俾路支解放陣線，他們一直在巴基斯坦俾路支省謀求獨立。

參考資料

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Baloch separatist leader Harbiyar Marri among 13 booked for Chinese consulate attack. Dawn News. 24 November 2018 [28 November 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 November 2018）. Police officials suspected Harbiyar Marri, the exiled leader of the banned Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), of being the mastermind of the deadly assault that left two policemen and as many civilians dead.
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巴基斯坦歡迎美國將「俾路支解放軍」列為恐怖組織（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館），新華網。
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印度被指参与巴基斯坦俾路支省恐怖活动中方：反对反恐问题上搞双重标准. 無線新聞. [2023-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-28）.
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Marri, Hyrbyair. Will never seek help from India: Hyrbyair Marri. Dawn. 2015 [2016-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-23）.
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MPs told Russia, India and UAE involved in Baloch insurgency. The Express Tribune. 2010-12-03 [2014-12-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-22）.
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Cyril Almeida. All Baloch shouldn't be tarred with same brush. Archives.dawn.com. 25 July 2010 [15 June 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2 July 2013）.

[tolonews.com-2] [2]
Baloch Separatist Leader Killed In Kandahar Attack: Reports. TOLOnews. [12 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔於13 April 2019）.

[tribune.com.pk-3] [3]
'Mastermind' of Chinese consulate attack killed in Kandahar: BBC. Express Tribune. 26 December 2018 [8 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於27 December 2018）.

[4] [4]
Profile: Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti. Al Jazeera. [2006-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-19）.

[5] [5]
Pakistan hails US decision to declare Balochistan liberation army as a global terrorist group. Gulf News. 3 July 2019 [3 July 2019]. （原始內容存檔於3 July 2019）.

[6] [6]
Baloch separatist leader Harbiyar Marri among 13 booked for Chinese consulate attack. Dawn News. 24 November 2018 [28 November 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 November 2018）. Police officials suspected Harbiyar Marri, the exiled leader of the banned Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), of being the mastermind of the deadly assault that left two policemen and as many civilians dead.

[explained-7] [7]
Bhattacherjee, Kallol. Explained: The Baloch Liberation Army. The Hindu. 3 July 2019 [26 September 2021]. ISSN 0971-751X. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-14）（英語）.

[8] [8]
Balochistan Liberation Army. Violent Extremism Knowledge Base. Institute for the Study of Violent Groups. [2018-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-02）.

[auto-9] [9]
Shah, Taimoor; Mashal, Mujib; ur-Rehman, Zia. Suicide Bombing Kills Pakistani Insurgent Wanted for Attack on Chinese. The New York Times. 27 December 2018 [12 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔於28 December 2018）.

[10] [10]
University, © Stanford; Complaints, California 94305 Copyright. MMP: Balochistan Liberation Army. cisac.fsi.stanford.edu. [7 February 2021]. （原始內容存檔於5 February 2021）（英語）.

[thediplomat.com-11] [11]
Diplomat, Kiyya Baloch, The. Chinese Operations in Balochistan Again Targeted by Militants. [2018-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-19）.

[12] [12]
Raza, Irfan. BLA declared terrorist organisation, banned. Dawn. 2006-04-10 [2006-04-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-04）.

[13] [13]
Iaccino, Ludovica. Balochistan: Baloch leader calls citizens 'most oppressed in world', urges halt to aid to Pakistan. International Business Times UK. 2015-06-29 [2016-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-02）.

[14] [14]
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[15] [15]
Writer, Malik Siraj Akbar Contributing. The End of Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency?. The Huffington Post. 2014-11-03 [2016-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-12）.

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Cassman, Daniel. Balochistan Liberation Army | Mapping Militant Organizations. web.stanford.edu. [2016-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-19）.

[17] [17]
Butt, Qaiser. Heritage under attack: PkMAP says it views Ziarat Residency as a ‘symbol of slavery’ – The Express Tribune. Tribune.com.pk. 2013-06-17 [2013-06-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.

[Home_Office-18] [18]
Office, Home. PROSCRIBED TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS (PDF). Home Office. 2016-07-15: 9 [2016-07-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-12-13）.

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List of banned organisations in Pakistan. Tribune.com.pk. [2014-10-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-26）.

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Terrorist Organization Profile - START - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. Start.umd.edu. [2013-06-17]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-23）（英語）.

[21] [21]
Ricks, Thomas E. Balochistan is seething, and that can't make China happy about investing. Foregin Policy. [2019-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20）.

[22] [22]
Pakistan hails US decision to declare Balochistan Liberation Army as a global terrorist group. Gulf Times. 2019-07-03 [2019-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-03）.

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Terrorist Designations of Balochistan Liberation Army and Husain Ali Hazzima and Amendments to the Terrorist Designations of Jundallah. United States Department of State. 2019-07-02 [2021-08-20] （美國英語）.

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巴基斯坦歡迎美國將「俾路支解放軍」列為恐怖組織（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館），新華網。

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印度被指参与巴基斯坦俾路支省恐怖活动中方：反对反恐问题上搞双重标准. 無線新聞. [2023-12-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-28）.

[26] [26]
MPs told Russia, India and UAE involved in Baloch insurgency - The Express Tribune. 2010-12-03 [2018-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-22）.

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'RAW Is Training 600 Balochis In Afghanistan'. outlookindia.com. [2018-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-13）.

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David Wright-Neville. Dictionary of Terrorism 1st. Polity. 2010-05-11: 48–49 [2012-06-03]. ISBN 978-0745643021. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-13）.

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Marri, Hyrbyair. Will never seek help from India: Hyrbyair Marri. Dawn. 2015 [2016-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-23）.

[:0-30] [30]
MPs told Russia, India and UAE involved in Baloch insurgency. The Express Tribune. 2010-12-03 [2014-12-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-22）.

[31] [31]
Barrister Umair Rehman. India’s State-sponsored terrorism & racial oppression. Pakistan Observer. [2024-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-29）.

[32] [32]
Zia Ur Rehman. The Baluch insurgency: linking Iran to Pakistan (PDF). NOREF. May 2014 [2024-04-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-10-25）.

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聯合早報, 聯合早報. 以哈衝突外溢持續巴基斯坦空襲伊朗境內恐怖組織. 2024-01-18 [2024-01-18]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-29）.

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