中美洲蹴球

中美洲蹴球（納瓦特爾語：ōllamalīztli，納瓦特爾語發音：[oːlːamaˈlistɬi]；馬雅語系語言：pitz；英語：Mesoamerican ballgame）是一種流行於古代中部美洲具有儀式關聯的體育活動。阿茲特克版本的此類活動，是今墨西哥錫那羅亞州Ulama（或作Ollama）球類運動的前身。^[1]

座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球場。

中美洲蹴球有其重要儀式意義，主要的正式球賽都是作為儀式活動而舉行。這項運動也被作為兒童遊戲進行，且女性也可能從事於這種運動。^[2]

這種球賽與活人獻祭有關，尤其是斬首。例如，埃爾塔欣有石板雕刻一個在球場上被犧牲的人，而奇琴伊察也有石板則雕刻一名被斬首且跪着的球賽參與者，蛇和植物從他的脖子上長出來，凸顯犧牲血液的再生滋養力量。與這種球賽相關的祭祀主題藝術遍佈整個中部美洲，從危地馬拉南海岸Bilbao遺址的雕塑，到發現於墨西哥中部的文獻資料中。在基切人的《波波爾·烏》也描述有關傳說故事。然而，儘管犧牲與球賽有密切聯繫，但其中犧牲的確切機制和意義仍無法被確認；目前仍無法確知是什麼人會被犧牲、在何種場合下犧牲，以及這種犧牲與球賽本身有何關聯。^[3]

被發現有早於公元前1000年有關文物的遺址（以紅點標示）的地圖。

參考文獻

1. Leyenaar, Ted J. J. Ulama the perpetuation in Mexico of the pre-spanish ball game Ullamaliztli. Brill. 1978 （荷蘭語）.
2. Art, Mint Museum of. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Thames & Hudson. 2001. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5 （英語）.
3. Earley, Authors: Caitlin C. The Mesoamerican Ballgame | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. [2024-08-05] （英語）.

• Alegría, Ricardo E. The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles. American Antiquity（英語：American Antiquity） (Menasha, WI: Society for American Archaeology). 1951, 16 (4): 348–352. JSTOR 276984. OCLC 27201871. doi:10.2307/276984.
• Andrews, E. Wyllys. La Arqueología de Quelepa, El Salvador. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicaciones. 1986 [1976] （西班牙語）.
• Blanchard, Kendall. The Anthropology of Sport Revised. Bergin & Garvey. 2005. ISBN 0-89789-329-8.
• Bradley, Douglas E.; Peter David Joralemon. The Lords of Life: The Iconography of Power and Fertility in Preclassic Mesoamerica exhibition catalogue, February 2 – April 5, 1992. Notre Dame, IN: Snite Museum of Art（英語：Snite Museum of Art）, University of Notre Dame. 1993. OCLC 29839104.
• Bradley, Douglas E. Life, Death and Duality: A Handbook of the Rev. Edmund P. Joyce, C.S.C. Collection of Ritual Ballgame Sculpture. Snite Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 1. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. 1997. OCLC 39750624.
• Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo. Imágenes de la mitología maya. Museo Popol Vuh, Guatemala. 2011.
• Coe, Michael D.; Dean Snow; Elizabeth P. Benson（英語：Elizabeth P. Benson）. Atlas of Ancient America. New York: Facts on File. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1199-0. OCLC 11518017.
• Day, Jane Stevenson. Performing on the Court. E. Michael Whittington (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 65–77. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
• Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-02119-8. OCLC 56746987.
• Ekholm, Susanna M. Ceramic Figurines and the Mesoamerican Ballgame. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 241–249. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
• Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英語：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
• Garza Camino, Mercedes de la; Ana Luisa Izquierdo. El Ullamaliztli en el Siglo XVI. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl. 1980, 14: 315–333. ISSN 0071-1675 （西班牙語）.
• Hill, Warren D.; Michael Blake; John E. Clark（英語：John E. Clark）. Ball court design dates back 3,400 years. Nature. 1998, 392 (6679): 878–879. doi:10.1038/31837.
• Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
• Kurjack, Edward B.; Ruben Maldonado C.; Merle Greene Robertson. Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
• Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英語：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.*Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente. Memoriales. Paris. 1903.
• Noble, John. Mexico. Lonely Planet. 2006. ISBN 1-74059-744-3.
• Orr, Heather. Ballgames: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Lindsay Jones (編). Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Vol. 2. 2005: 749–752.
• Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez; Alfredo Delgado. Las ofrendas de El Manatí y su posible asociación con el juego de pelota: un yugo a destiempo. María Teresa Uriarte (ed.) (編). El juego de pelota en Mesoamérica: raíces y supervivencia. México D.F.: SigloXXI Editores and Casa de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. 1992: 55–67. ISBN 968-23-1837-8 （西班牙語）.
• Ortíz C., Ponciano; María del Carmen Rodríguez. Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manatí: A Sacred Space (PDF). David C. Grove（英語：David C. Grove） and Rosemary A. Joyce（英語：Rosemary A. Joyce） (eds.) (編). Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993 (PDF online reproduction)使用|format=需要含有|url= (幫助) Dumbarton Oaks etexts. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1999: 225–254 [2007-06-08]. ISBN 0-88402-252-8. OCLC 39229716. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-02-21）.
• Quirarte, Jacinto. The Ballcourt in Mesoamerica: Its Architectural Development. Alan Cordy-Collins; Jean Stern (編). Pre-Columbian Art History. Palo Alto, California: Peek Publications. 1977: 191–212. ISBN 0-917962-41-9.
• Santley, Robert M.; Berman, Michael J.; Alexander, Rami T. The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and Its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
• Schuster, Angela M. H. Newsbriefs: Mesoamerica's Oldest Ballcourt. Archaeology. July–August 1998, 41 (4) [2007-06-08]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-01）.
• Schele, Linda; Miller, Mary Ellen. The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimball Art Museum. 1986.
• Schwartz, Jeremy. Indigenous groups keep ancient sports alive in Mexico. Austin American-Statesman（英語：Austin American-Statesman）. [20 December 2008]. ^{[失效連結]}
• Scott, John F. Dressed to Kill: Stone Regalia of the Mesoamerican Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 51–63. ISBN 0-500-05108-9.
• Shelton, Anthony A. The Aztec Theatre State and the Dramatization of War. Tim Cornell; Thomas B. Allen (編). War and Games. New York: Boydell Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-85115-870-9.
• Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2003.
• Taladoire, Eric; Benoit Colsenet. 'Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanior':The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
• Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.
• Taladoire, Eric. Could We Speak of the Super Bowl at Flushing Meadows?: La Pelota Mixteca, a Third Pre-Hispanic Ballgame, and its Possible Architectural Context. Ancient Mesoamerica. 4 March 2004, 14 (02): 319–342 [2019-01-28]. doi:10.1017/S0956536103132142. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.
• Velázquez, Primo Feliciano (translator). Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles. Mexico: UNAM. 1975.
• Wilkerson, S. Jeffrey K. Then They Were Sacrificed: The Ritual Ballgame of Northeastern Mesoamerica Through Time and Space. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.

延伸閱讀

Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584.

California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, accessed October 2007.

Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549.

Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8.

Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube（英語：Nikolai Grube） (ed.) (編). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.

Espinoza, Mauricio. El Corazón del Juego: El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporáneo. Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. （原始內容存檔於2007-05-24） （西班牙語）.

Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2.

Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988.

McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696.

Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521.

Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art（英語：Mint Museum of Art）, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson（英語：Thames & Hudson）. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226.

Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson（英語：Thames & Hudson）. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516.

Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (編). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press（英語：University of Arizona Press）. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.

Zender, Mark. Glyphs for "Handspan" and "Strike" in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-09-10）.

外部連結

• The First Basketball: The Mesoamerican ballgame（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） NBA Hoops Online
• A figurine showing ballplayer gear（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）