三色菫學名Viola tricolor;英語:wild pansy)是堇菜科堇菜屬的一年生或短期多年生草本植物,又名三色堇菜(中國植物圖鑑)、蝴蝶花三色紫羅蘭人臉花阿拉葉-尼勒-其其格蒙語),在歐洲是常見的野花,也常栽培於公園中,是一種常見的園藝植物。三色菫也被引進北美,並在當地廣泛繁衍。

Quick Facts 三色堇, 科學分類 ...
三色堇
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科學分類 編輯
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支 薔薇類植物 Rosids
目: 金虎尾目 Malpighiales
科: 堇菜科 Violaceae
屬: 堇菜屬 Viola
種:
三色堇 V. tricolor
二名法
Viola tricolor
L., 1753
異名
  • Mnemion elegans Spach
  • Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.
  • Mnemion sudeticum Fourr.
  • Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach
  • Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.
  • Viola alpestris subsp. paulini Hayek
  • Viola ammotropha E.H.L.Krause
  • Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.
  • Viola bella Gren.
  • Viola bicolor Hoffm.
  • Viola calcarata Vill.
  • Viola calcaratasubsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
  • Viola cenisia Schangin
  • Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman
  • Viola curtisiae E.Forst.
  • Viola deminuta Schur
  • Viola derelicta Jord.
  • Viola flavida Jord.
  • Viola foucaudii Sav.
  • Viola garganica Strobl
  • Viola gracilis Martrin-Donos ex Nyman
  • Viola grandiflora L.
  • Viola kupffieri Klokov
  • Viola lepida Jord.
  • Viola leptoceras Schur
  • Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.
  • Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola maritima Spreng.
  • Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
  • Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.
  • Viola meduanensis Boreau
  • Viola mentita Jord.
  • Viola micrantha Bertol.
  • Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman
  • Viola mutabilis Rochel
  • Viola occulta Otto
  • Viola olonnensis Genev.
  • Viola paillouxi Jord.
  • Viola pallescens Jord.
  • Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.
  • Viola peregrina Jord.
  • Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola perennis Vilm.
  • Viola perrobusta Borbás
  • Viola provostii Boreau
  • Viola pseudolutea Schur
  • Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau
  • Viola sagotii Jord.
  • Viola saxatilis var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren., 1847
  • Viola soongorica Fisch.
  • Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
  • Viola subtilis Jord.
  • Viola symei Baker
  • Viola tenella Michx.
  • Viola tenella Muhl.
  • Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.
  • Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC.) Schinz & R.Keller, 1905
  • Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher, 1887
  • Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher, 1887
  • Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
  • Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC.
  • Viola tricolor var. ammotropha Wittr.
  • Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC.
  • Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.
  • Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut., 1898
  • Viola tricolor var. subalpina Latourr.
  • Viola tricolor var. vectensis N.H.Williams
  • Viola variata Jord.
  • Viola variegata Vuk.
  • Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble
  • Viola versicolor Salisb.
  • Viola virgata Gren.
  • Viola vivariensis Jord.
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三色菫以露天栽種為宜,無論花壇、庭園、盆栽皆適合。不適合種於室內,因為光線不足,生長會遲緩,枝葉無法充分茁壯,導致無法開花,開花後也不應移入室內,以長保花朵壽命。

特徵

株高10-40厘米,莖直立或稍傾,具棱,無枝或多分枝,基生葉長圓形或披針形,具長柄,莖生葉卵形或長披針形,先端鈍圓,基部圓,葉緣具圓形或鈍疏齒,上部葉柄長,下部葉柄短,托葉大,葉片狀,羽狀深裂,長1-4厘米。花直徑3.5-6厘米,每莖3-10朵,每朵通常為有紫、白、黃三色,栽培種有其他不同顏色,花梗稍粗,葉腋單生,上部具對生三角卵形小苞片2枚,萼片綠色,長披針形,長1.2-2.2厘米,寬3-5毫米,先端尖,邊緣莢膜質,基部具附屬物,長3-6毫米,邊緣不齊;上側花瓣一般均為深紫色,兩側和下側花瓣均為三色且具紫條紋,兩側花瓣內面基部被密鬚毛,下方花距較細,長5-8毫米;子房無毛,花柱短,基部膝曲明顯,柱頭球狀膨大,先端具較大柱頭孔。蒴果橢球形,無毛,長8-12毫米。染色體2n=20、26、42或46。花期4-7月,果期5-8月。[1]

三色堇染色體數為2n = 26。[2]

文化

三色堇為冰島原產花卉,定為國花。三色菫也是波蘭的國花。

意大利人對三色堇的花語定義為「思慕」和「想念我吧」,通常都是指戀人之間的思念。也有些人定義三色堇的花語為白日夢。

用途

三色堇本身是一種美麗的觀賞植物,但由於花朵較小,常見栽培的大多是其衍生雜交種,如大花三色堇小花三色堇

三色堇的花可以食用,常用來裝飾甜點。

圖集

參考文獻

外部連結

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