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半開央不圓唇元音
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半開央不圓唇元音(open-mid central unrounded vowel、low-mid central unrounded vowel[1])是元音的一種,存在於一些語言當中。該元音的國際音標為⟨ɜ⟩,形如左右翻轉的希臘字母「ε」。1993年以前該元音的國際音標記作⟨ɛ̈⟩。
特徵
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
見於
More information 語言, 詞彙 ...
語言 | 詞彙 | 國際音標 | 意義 | 註釋 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南非語 | 標準音[2] | lig | [lə̞χ] | 光 | 也被描述為中元音[ə],[3]一般記作⟨ə⟩。參見南非語音系 |
哥打巴托棉蘭老語[4] | [bätɜʔ] | 孩子 | /a/在聲門音前的同位異音;可記作⟨ʌ⟩。[4] | ||
荷蘭語[5] | grappig | [ˈχɾɑpə̞χ] | 有趣 | /ə/的可能實現。[5]參見荷蘭語音系 | |
艾米利亞語 | 博洛尼亞方言 | métter | [ˈmet̪ːɜr] | 放 | [來源請求] |
英語 | 標準英音[6] | bird | [bɜːd] | 鳥 | 槽化 (舌頭成槽如[ɹ])。"Upper Crust RP"使用者將其發作更開的[ɐː],但對於其他使用者它實際上是中元音([ɜ̝ː])。這個元音和有R音的方言的R色彩元音[ɝ]對應。 |
俄亥俄州[7] | bud | [bɜd] | 芽 | 美國英語中記作⟨ʌ⟩的一種實現,這是Midland或美國南部英語的特徵。在整個國家這都不是標準的拼寫。[6][7] | |
德克薩斯州大部分[7] | |||||
北威爾斯英語[8] | 部分使用者。[8]和其它威爾斯方言/ə/或/ʌ/對應。[9] | ||||
蘇格蘭英語[10] | [bɜ̠d] | 有些後移;可能是更靠後的/ʌ/。 | |||
德語 | 開姆尼茨方言[11] | passe | [ˈb̥ɜsə] | 我經過 | 一般記作⟨a⟩。 |
多數使用者[12] | herrlich | [ˈhɜːlɪç] | 精彩 | [ɛɐ̯]的一般交替。[12]參見標準德語音系 | |
豪薩語[13] | [比如?] | /a/可能的同位異音,可以和[ə]一樣閉,或和[ä]一樣開。[13] | |||
Jebero[14] | [ˈkɘnmɜʔ] | 土著 | /a/在閉音節的同位異音。[14] | ||
Kaingang[15] | [ˈɾɜ] | 標記 | 自央元音[ɜ]到後元音[ʌ]變化。[16] | ||
Kalagan Kaagan[17] | [mɜˈt̪äs] | 高 | /a/的同位異音;可記作⟨ʌ⟩。[17] | ||
Kallahan[18] | [比如?] | ||||
Paicî[19] | rë | [ɾɜ] | 他們(前綴) | 可以記作⟨ʌ⟩。 | |
羅馬尼亞語 | 標準音[20] | măr | [mə̞r] | 蘋果 | 一般記作⟨ə⟩。參見羅馬尼亞語音系 |
特蘭西瓦尼亞變體[21] | așa | [aˈʂɜ] | 多麼 | 和標準羅馬尼亞語[ä]對應。參見羅馬尼亞語音系 | |
Sama | Sibutu[22] | [ˈsäpɜw] | 屋頂 | /a/的同位異音;可以記作⟨ʌ⟩。[22] | |
信德語[23] | [sə̞rə̞] | 葬禮 | 一般記作⟨ə⟩。 | ||
Temne[24] | pȧs | [pɜ́s] | 釀 | 一般記作⟨ʌ⟩。[24] | |
意第緒語 | 標準音[25] | ענלעך | [ˈɛnlɜχ] | 像 | 非重讀元音。[25]參見意第緒語音系 |
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註釋
- While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- Wissing (2012),第711頁.
- Wissing (2016),section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
- Kerr (1988),第110, 113頁.
- Collins & Mees (2003),第129頁.
- Ladefoged (1993),第82頁.
- Thomas (2001),第27–28頁.
- Tench (1990),第135頁.
- Wells (1982),第380–381頁.
- Lodge (2009),第167頁.
- Khan & Weise (2013),第236頁.
- Schuh & Yalwa (1999),第90–91頁.
- Jolkesky (2009),第676–677, 682頁.
- Jolkesky (2009),第676, 682頁.
- Wendel & Wendel (1978),第198頁.
- Santiago (2010),第1, 8–10頁.
- Sarlin (2014),第18頁.
- Pop (1938),第30頁.
- Allison (1979),第82頁.
- Nihalani (1999),第132頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNihalani1999 (help)
- Kanu & Tucker (2010),第249頁.
- Kleine (2003),第263頁.
參考文獻
- Allison, E. Joseph, The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1979, 3 (2): 63–104 [2018-02-15], (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-11)
- Baird, Louise, Kéo, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2002, 32 (1): 93–97, doi:10.1017/S0025100302000178
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shanghai Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (3): 321–327 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, (原始內容存檔於2017-08-18)
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[永久失效連結]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981] [2018-02-15], ISBN 9004103406, (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-12-28)
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德語)
- Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian, The phonetics of Paici, Maddieson, Ian (編), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group: 111–124, 1996 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔於2018-02-16)
- Gordon, Matthew, The West and Midwest: phonology, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (編), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 340, 2004b, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔於2012-03-04)
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V., Temne, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Kerr, Harland, Cotabato Manobo Grammar (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1988, 7 (1): 1–123 [2018-02-15], (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-11)
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-01-28)
- Kleine, Ane, Standard Yiddish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
- Ladefoged, Peter, A course in phonetics 3rd, Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 1993
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2, (原始內容存檔於2019-06-08)
- Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong, Luanyjang Dinka (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (1): 113–124 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-09)
- Roach, Peter, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, (原始內容存檔於2018-11-06)
- Santiago, Paul Julian, The Phonetic Structures of Kalanguya, 2010 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔於2018-06-24)
- Sarlin, Mika, Sounds of Romanian and their spelling, Romanian Grammar 2nd, Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH: 16–37, 2014 [First published 2013] [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-952-286-898-5, (原始內容存檔於2019-07-17)
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D., Hausa, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 90–95, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tench, Paul, The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (編), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 130–141, 1990 [2018-02-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始內容存檔於2017-03-11)
- Thomas, Erik R., An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English, Publication of the American Dialect Society 85, Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, 2001, ISSN 0002-8207
- Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy, The urban South: phonology, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (編), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 333, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shiwilu (Jebero) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 97–106 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-08-04)
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag, Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1978, 2 (1): 191–203 [2018-02-15], (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-11)
- Wells, John C., Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982
- Wissing, Daan, Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: ’n beskrywingsraamwerk, LitNet Akademies (Stellenbosch: LitNet), 2012, 9 (2): 701–743 [16 April 2017], ISSN 1995-5928, (原始內容存檔於2017-04-15) (南非荷蘭語)
- Wissing, Daan. Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory. Taalportaal. 2016 [16 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-15).
- Zee, Eric, Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
Quick Facts 半開央不圓唇元音, ɜ ...
半開央不圓唇元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɜ | |||
ɛ̈ | |||
ə̞ | |||
ɐ̝ | |||
IPA編號 | 326 | ||
編碼 | |||
HTML碼(十進制) | ɜ | ||
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+025C | ||
X-SAMPA音標 | 3 | ||
ASCII音標 | V" | ||
IPA盲文(英語:IPA Braille) | ![]() ![]() | ||
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音頻範例 | |||
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