米高·波特

關於同名人物，請見「米高·波特 (籃球運動員)」。

米高·尤金·波特（英語：Michael Eugene Porter，1947年5月23日—），生於美國密歇根州安娜堡，著名管理學家，企業經營策略和競爭力的權威，26歲成為哈佛商學院教授，是哈佛歷史上最年輕的教授，2001年領導着「戰略和競爭研究所」，曾任雷根政府「產業競爭力委員會」的委員；而喜歡棒球的波特，也是波士頓紅襪隊的資深策略顧問。

米高·尤金·波特 Michael Eugene Porter
2017年的波特
性別	男
出生	(1947-05-23) 1947年5月23日（77歲）  美國密歇根州安娜堡
國籍	美國
教育程度	普林斯頓大學航空機械學士 哈佛大學企管碩士 哈佛大學企業經濟學博士
職業	管理學家
活躍時期	1973年至今
經歷 摩立特顧問公司創辦人（已被德勤收購） 哈佛商學院教授 里根政府「產業競爭力委員會」委員 波士頓紅襪隊策略顧問
代表作 《競爭策略》、《競爭優勢》、《國家競爭優勢》

生平

1969年，於普林斯頓大學取得航空及機械工程系學士學位。1971年，於哈佛大學商學院，取得MBA學位。1973年，於哈佛大學取得企業經濟學（business economics）博士學位。

1984年他是美國摩立特集團（英語：The Monitor Group）的創始合作人之一，是全球領先的戰略和管理綜合性諮詢公司，總部設在美國馬薩諸塞州劍橋。

1994年他創建了創建富有競爭力的市內貧民區 ICIC（Initiative for a Competitive Inner City），一個任務是預測貧困內城的經濟發展的非盈利性組織。

2012年11月，米高波特創立的摩立特集團（英語：The Monitor Group）宣告破產。^[1]

學術貢獻

• 價值鏈（Value chain）
• 產業競爭的五力分析（5 forces analysis）
• 鑽石模型（Diamond Model）
• 市場定位（market positioning）-區分為差異化基礎（variety base）、需求基礎（need base）、和經由特殊管道基礎（access base）的市場定位
• 策略群組（strategic groups，strategic sets）
• 競爭策略（generic strategies）-區分為成本領先、差異化和集中化
• 區域經濟發展的產業集群（Porter's clusters）

主要著作

競爭戰略

• Porter, M.E. (1979) "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979.
• Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980. The book was voted the ninth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management.^[2]
• Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985.
• Porter, M.E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1986.
• Porter, M.E. (1987) "From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy", Harvard Business Review, May/June 1987, pp. 43–59.
• Porter, M.E. (1996) "What is Strategy", Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 1996.
• Porter, (2017) "Michael Porter on Creating Competitive Advantage for Yourself" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, HBR Ascend
• Porter, M.E. (1998) On Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School, 1998.
• Porter, M.E. (1990, 1998) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New York, 1990.
• Porter, M.E. (1991) "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy", Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue), pp. 95–117. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.4250121008/abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• McGahan, A.M. & Porter, M.E. Porter. (1997) "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?" Strategic Management Journal, 18 (Summer Special Issue), pp. 15–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199707)18:1%2B%3C15::AID-SMJ916%3E3.0.CO;2-1/abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Porter, M.E. (2001) "Strategy and the Internet", Harvard Business Review, March 2001, pp. 62–78.
• Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2006) "Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility", Harvard Business Review, December 2069, pp. 78–92.
• Porter, M.E. (2008) "The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 79–93.
• Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2011) "Creating Shared Value", Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 2011, Vol. 89 Issue 1/2, pp. 62–77
• Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2014) "How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Competition" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Harvard Business Review, November 2014, pp. 65–88
• Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2015) "How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Companies" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Harvard Business Review, October 2015, pp. 97–114
• Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2017) "Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Harvard Business Review, November 2017, pp. 46–62

波特在管理學領域堪稱經典的「競爭」三部曲是：

• 《競爭策略》（Competitive Strategy，1980）
• 《競爭優勢》（Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance，1985）
• 《國家競爭優勢》（The Competitive Advantage of Nations，1989）

美國政治競爭力

• Gehl, K.M. & Porter, M.E. (2017) "Why Competition in the Politics Industry is Failing America （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Harvard Business School, September 2017.

美國健康醫療

• Porter, M.E. & Teisberg, E.O. (2006) Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition On Results, Harvard Business School Press, 2006.
• Berwick, DM, Jain SH, and Porter ME. "Clinical Registries: The Opportunity For The Nation." （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Health Affairs Blogs, May 2011.

全球醫療健康

• Jain SH, Weintraub R, Rhatigan J, Porter ME, Kim JY. "Delivering Global Health". Student British Medical Journal 2008; 16:27.
• Kim JY, Rhatigan J, Jain SH, Weintraub R, Porter ME. "From a declaration of values to the creation of value in global health: a report from Harvard University's Global Health Delivery Project". Global Public Health. 2010 Mar; 5(2):181–88.
• Rhatigan, Joseph, Sachin H Jain, Joia S. Mukherjee, and Michael E. Porter. "Applying the Care Delivery Value Chain: HIV/AIDS Care in Resource Poor Settings." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-093, February 2009.

書籍和評論

• Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Magretta, Joan. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2012.^[3]
• The Lords of Strategy: The Secret Intellectual History of the New Corporate World. Kiechel, Walter III. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 2010.^[4]
• The Porter Hypothesis After 20 Years: How Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness? Stefan Ambec, Mark A. Cohen, Stewart Elgie, and Paul Lanoie. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, Washington DC, 2011.
• Well-Designed Environmental Regulations will Strengthen Companies' Competitiveness: Reviewing the Porter Hypothesis. Mitsuhashi Tadahiro (ed.) Japan, 2008.
• From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: Evolution of Competitiveness Theory y. Cho, Dong-Sung Cho and Hwy-Chang Moon. Asia-Pacific Business Series, Korea, 2000.^[5]
• 「Retrospective: Michael Porter's Competitive Strategy.」 Academy of Management Executive, May 2002, Vol. 16, No. 2
• Perspectives on Strategy: Contributions of Michael E. Porter, F.A.J. van den Bosch and A.P. de Man (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997.
• O Projecto Porter: A aplicação a Portugal 1993/94. Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério da Indústria e Energia, May 1995.
• Sölvell, Ö. (2015), The Competitive Advantage of Nations 25 years – opening up new perspectives on competitiveness. Competitiveness Review, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2015-0068.

批評

波特的論述與主張遭到一些學術人士批評，認為其邏輯辯證前後矛盾^[6]，另外也被人認為其結論缺乏實務經驗的支持，以及論述中所舉的產業案例有刻意挑選及潤飾之嫌。^[7][8][9]

在其顧問公司倒閉負債五億美元後質疑者的聲浪更是大幅成長，認為波特的理論性遠大於實用性，不過是象牙塔內的紙上談兵。《福布斯》雜誌在2012年11月20日發表認為波特提出的「五力分析」，想要替企業架構出競爭進入障礙，只是在企業全球化的浪潮中國界消失了、知識淪為大宗商品，沒人能建立壟斷性障礙，目前勝出的企業像蘋果、亞馬遜等，都必須仰賴不斷創新來創造價值，其管理學理論在生產過剩的買方時代已經沒有意義，在高度全球競爭白熱化的時代，各公司需要細節面、針對其產業特化的極細部顧問服務，這些都需要特化型的專家長年研究，而非只懂理論的大學教授能勝任，不會再有企業想為了講述大概略方向戰略的建議而付顧問費。

參考文獻

1. 存档副本. [2012-11-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-03）.
2. Bedeian, Arthur G.; Wren, Daniel A. Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century (PDF). Organizational Dynamics. Winter 2001, 29 (3): 221–25 [2023-05-06]. doi:10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-10-17）.
3. Magretta, Joan. Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Harvard Business Review Press. 2011. ISBN 978-1422160596.
4. Kiechel, Walter. The Lords of Strategy: The Secret Intellectual History of the New Corporate World. Harvard Business Review Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1591397823.
5. Cho, Dong-Sung. From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: Evolution of Competitiveness Theory. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2013. ISBN 978-9814407540.
6. Sharp, Byron; Dawes, John (1996), "Is Differentiation Optional? A Critique of Porter's Generic Strategy Typology," in Management, Marketing and the Competitive Process, Peter Earl, Ed. London: Edward Elgar.
7. Speed, Richard J. (1989), "Oh Mr Porter! A Re-Appraisal of Competitive Strategy," Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 7 (5/6), 8-11.
8. Yetton, Philip, Jane Craig, Jeremy Davis, and Fred Hilmer (1992), "Are Diamonds a Country's Best Friend? A Critique of Porter's Theory of National Competition as Applied to Canada, New Zealand and Australia," Australian Journal of Management, 17 (No. 1, June), 89-120.
9. Allio, Robert J. (1990), "Flaws in Porter's Competitive Diamond?," Planning Review, 18 (No. 5, September/October), 28-32.