毛馬陸目

毛馬陸目
	Polyxenus lagurus（英語：Polyxenus lagurus）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
亞門：	多足亞門 Myriapoda
綱：	倍足綱 Diplopoda
亞綱：	毛尾馬陸亞綱 Penicillata; Latrielle, 1831
目：	毛馬陸目 Polyxenida; Verhoeff, 1934
科
	Hypogexenidae（英語：Hypogexenidae）; Lophoproctidae（英語：Lophoproctidae）; 毛馬陸科（英語：Polyxenidae）; 合馬陸科（英語：Synxenidae）;
異名
	亞目; Pselaphognatha Latzel, 1884; Schizocephala Verhoeff, 1926; 目; Ancyrotricha Cook, 1895

毛馬陸目（學名：Polyxenida）為倍足綱下的一個目，最大的特徵在於在柔軟無鈣化的外殼上佈滿了剛毛。毛馬陸目下共有4科至少167種，也是毛尾馬陸亞綱下唯一的現存目。

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描述

毛馬陸與其他馬陸最大的差異在於牠們具有柔軟無鈣化的外骨骼、甲殼上佈滿了剛毛、較少的腳數量（不超過17對）、且雄性缺乏生殖肢。體型偏小，體長最長不會超過7毫米（0.28英寸）。

防禦機制

毛馬陸缺乏一般馬陸所具有的堅硬外骨骼與化學防禦機制^[1]，而是具有一套獨特的自我防衛方法：牠們身上具倒刺的綱毛十分容易脫落，能殘留在掠食性昆蟲的附肢與口器上，進而阻礙牠們的行動^[2]。

繁殖

雄性毛馬陸缺乏一般馬陸用來傳輸精子的生殖肢（英語：Gonopod），因此牠們只能透過間接的方式提供精子。雄性會丟下精包，並交由雌性拾取^[3]。

許多種的毛馬陸也能進行單性生殖，當雄性個體稀少時，雌性依然有能力在未受精的情況下產卵並孵化下一代^[4]。

分類學

毛馬陸為毛尾馬陸亞綱現存的唯一目，且為所有馬陸所屬亞綱的基群。毛尾馬陸亞綱為所有現存馬陸的姊妹群，包括五帶馬陸下綱（英語：Pentazonia）及蠕形馬陸下綱（英語：Helminthomorpha）^[6]^[7]。

2003年，毛馬陸目包含了159種有效種及亞種^[8]，但是自2010年以來，已陸續發表了至少8個新種^[5]^[9]^[10]。

毛馬陸總科 Polyxenoidea Lucas, 1840
- Hypogexenidae（英語：Hypogexenidae） Schubart, 1947
- Lophoproctidae（英語：Lophoproctidae） Silvestri, 1897
- 毛馬陸科（英語：Polyxenidae） Polyxenidae Lucas, 1840
合馬陸總科 Synxenoidea Silvestri, 1923
- 合馬陸科（英語：Synxenidae） Synxenidae Silvestri, 1923

化石紀錄

最早的毛馬陸化石發現於黎巴嫩白堊紀早期的一個琥珀之中^[11]。

部分科學家將已滅絕的節肋目與Eoarthropleurida（英語：Eoarthropleurida）併入毛尾馬陸亞綱之下，作為毛馬陸目的姊妹群^[12]^[13]。

參考文獻

[1]
Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-14）.
[2]
Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.
[3]
Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-12）.
[4]
Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.
[5]
Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.
[6]
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.
[7]
Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-07-25）.
[8]
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-23）.
[9]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-20）.
[10]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
[11]
Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.
[12]
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.
[13]
Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

外部連結

[NADIPLOCHILO_Penicllates-1] [1]
Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-14）.

[2] [2]
Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.

[Shelley_1999-3] [3]
Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-12）.

[IZ_1987-4] [4]
Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.

[NguyenDuy-5] [5]
Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.

[SierBond2007-6] [6]
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.

[Shear2011-7] [7]
Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-07-25）.

[NguyenDuy2003-8] [8]
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-23）.

[Short2011-9] [9]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-20）.

[short_2013-10] [10]
Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.

[11] [11]
Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.

[Shear2010-12] [12]
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.

[Kraus_2003-13] [13]
Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

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