字母正寫法
直到1931年,楚科奇語都無正式的字母正寫法,儘管在19世紀進行過宗教方面的書寫應用。楚科奇字母加上聲門塞音共有37個字母符號;歷經二次字母符號改革,目前以西里爾字母為基礎再加上三個楚克奇特有的字母;及1個聲門塞音所組成。
А а | Ā ā | B b | C c | D d | Е е | Ē ē | Ә ә |
Ӛ ӛ | F f | G g | H h | I i | Ī ī | J j | K k |
L l | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Ō ō | P p | Q q |
R r | S s | T t | U u | Ū ū | V v | W w | Z z |
Ь ь |
現代楚科奇西里爾母字母:
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Ӄ ӄ Л л Ԓ ԓ М м Н н Ӈ ӈ
О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я '
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Ԓ ԓ | М м |
Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у |
Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | ' |
鍵盤排列法
元音
- 陽性元音:o [o],a [a],e [э]
- 陰性元音:u [у],e [э],i [и]
- 中性元音(出現在任何詞中):ə [ы]
當陰性詞的詞根或詞綴和陽性的構詞成分出現在同一個詞中,陰性的成分就會變成陽性(相反的情況永遠都不會發生:陽性的成分不能變成陰性)。在這個情況下,u、e、i分別變成o、a、e。雖然e既出現在陽性詞中,也出現在陰性詞中,但不能把它當作中性元音看待,因為這個元音在陽性和陰性的詞中代表兩種不同的音位。 名詞和動詞的詞根偶爾收到後綴和前綴的同化影響:kupre-n 「網絡」在離格後綴-jpə的影響下變成陽性詞:kopra-jpə。
輔音
清塞音 | 鼻音 | 濁擦音 | 半元音 | 邊音 | 顫音 | |
唇音 | p/п | m/м | w(v)/[β]/в | |||
舌尖音 | t/т | n/н | ɬ/л/l | r/p | ||
舌面音 | c/ч | j/й | ||||
舌根音 | k/к | ŋ/ӈ/ | ɣ/г | |||
小舌音 | q/ӄ/ | |||||
喉音 | ' (ʔ)/ъ/ь |
楚科奇語的擦音音位很少,甚至沒有舌尖擦音 s,這個特徵在世界語言當中不普遍。除此之外,塞音既沒有送氣/不送氣的對立,也沒有清濁的對立,但是可以把w、r、j、 ɣ分別視為p、t、c、k的相應濁音位,因為兩套音位之間有許多交替的現象。
參考文獻
- П. Я. Скорик. Грамматика чукотского языка. Часть первая. Фонетика и морфология именных частей 1200 экз. Москва・Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. 1961 (俄語).[1]
- Alevtina N. Zhukova, Tokusu Kurebito,"A Basic Topical Dictionary of the Koryak-Chukchi Languages (Asian and African Lexicon Series, 46)",ILCAA, Tokyo Univ. of Foreign Studies (2004), ISBN 978-4872978964
- Bogoras, Waldemar, 1901. "The Chukchi of Northeastern Asia", American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan–Mar, 1901), pp. 80–108
- Bogoras, W., 1922. "Chukchee". In Handbook of American Indian Languages II, ed. F. Boas, Washington, D.C.
- Comrie, B., 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Language Surveys). ISBN 0-521-23230-9 (hardcover) and ISBN 0-521-29877-6 (paperback)
- De Reuse, Willem Joseph, 1994. Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi, Univ. of Utah Press, ISBN 0-87480-397-7
- Dunn, Michael, 2000. "Chukchi Women's Language: A Historical-Comparative Perspective", Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Fall, 2000), pp. 305–328
- Dunn, Michael John, 1999. "A grammar of Chukchi"[2] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Australian National University, Thesis (PhD),1999-05.
- Nedjalkov, V. P., 1976. "Diathesen und Satzstruktur im Tschuktschischen" [in German]. In: Ronald Lötzsch (ed.), Satzstruktur und Genus verbi (Studia Grammatica 13). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, pp. 181–211.
- Priest, Lorna A. Proposal to Encode Additional Cyrillic Characters (PDF). 2005 [2017-02-06]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-10).
- Skorik, P[etr] Ja., 1961. Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka 1: Fonetika i morfologija imennych častej reči (Grammar of the Chukchi Language: Phonetics and morphology of the nominal parts of speech) [in Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Skorik, P[etr] Ja., 1977. Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka 2: Glagol, narečie, služebnye slova (Grammar of the Chuckchi Language: Verb, adverb, function words) [in Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka:
- Skorik, P. J. (1961/1977). Grammatika čukotskogo jazyka (Grammar of the Chukchi Language) [in Russian]. Vol. 1/2. Leningrad: Nauka
- Weinstein, Charles, 2010. Parlons tchouktche [in French]. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-10412-9
參閲
外部連結
- Spencer, Andrew. Chukchee homepage [Grammatical sketch based on Skorik 1961-1977]. 1999 [2017-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2005-10-25).
- Muravyova I. A., Daniel M. A., Zhdanova T. Ju. Chukchi language and folklore in texts collected by V. G.Bogoraz. Part two: grammar. 2001.[失效連結]
- Endangered Languages of Siberia – The Chukchi language
- Russian-Chukchi Phrasebook (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- The Gospel of Luke in Chukchi (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia in 1897 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- YouTube上的Words of Life Chukchi (чаучу)
- YouTube上的Перегон (фильм)
- Chukchi fairy tales in Chukchi and English
- Words of Life - Chukchi (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 楚科奇語資料1 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Чукотские сказки - читаем вместе :) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Чукотские сказки - читаем вместе :) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Endangered Languages of Siberia - The Chukchi language (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- VISITCHUKOTKA.COM - Chukotka audio dictionary
- YouTube上的ЧАУЧУ с титрами на русском языке
- Siegel, Wolfram. Chukchi (Луоравэтлан/Luoravetlan). Omniglot. [2017-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-02).
- Volodin, A. P. and P. Ja. Skorik (1997). "Čukotskyj jazyk" (The Chukchi language) [in Russian]. In: Jazyki mira: Paleoaziatskije jazyki (Languages of the World: Paleoasiatic Languages), Moskva: Indrik, p. 23-39; online: Čukotskyj jazyk. [2017-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-15).
- Chukchi language, alphabet and pronunciation (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.