晝夜節律

晝夜節律（英語：circadian rhythm）又稱日夜節律、近日節律^[1]、概日節律^[2]^[3]、日變節律^[4]、生理時鐘（physiological clock），是一種生理現象，以內源性、持續的，呈現以約24小時為週期的變動；由日變時鐘（circadian clock）所驅動。晝夜節律已在動物、植物、真菌和藍菌中被廣泛觀察到，並且有證據表明它們在每個生物界中獨立進化^[5]^[6]。

英語 circadian 源自拉丁語 circa，為大約、大概的意思；拉丁語 diem 是一天、一日之意。合起來，在字面上的意思，是大約一天。

晝夜振盪器（circadian oscillator）則是驅動晝夜節律的中樞機制，使生物的生理節律與晝夜週期相一致，以近24小時為週期而振盪的節律，由基因產物作用於基因啟動子所組成的反饋迴路或其他反饋迴路。

歷史

1729 年，法國科學家讓-雅克·多爾圖·德邁朗（英語：Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan）在一篇科學論文中首次描述了內源性晝夜節律。他注意到，即使在沒有外部刺激的情況下，日本含羞草植物的葉子也會繼續以大約 24 小時的模式移動（睡眠運動）。 ^[7]^[8]

1962年，德國人尤金·阿紹夫(Jürgen Aschoff)自己在無光狀態下度過了大約一周的時間。研究表明，人類晝夜節律，包括睡眠-覺醒、核心體溫和尿液中甾體激素，都被證明週期比24小時更長，接近25小時。 ^[9]。然而，隨後使用各種實驗條件的研究表明，雖然每個人的晝夜節律不同，但平均週期為24小時10分鐘。 ^[10]^[11]

對動物的重要性

晝夜節律存在於動物（包括人類）的睡眠和進食模式中。核心體溫、腦電波活動、激素產生、細胞再生和其他生物活動也有明顯的模式。此外，光週期現象，即生物體對白天或夜晚長度的生理反應，對植物和動物都至關重要，晝夜節律系統在測量和解釋日長方面發揮着作用。及時預測季節性的天氣狀況、食物供應或捕食者活動對許多物種的生存至關重要。雖然不是唯一的參數，但光週期（日長）的變化長度是預測生理和行為季節性時間的最有預測性的環境線索，最顯著的是遷徙、冬眠和繁殖的時間^[12]。

社會與文化

2017年，來自美國的三位遺傳學家傑弗理·霍爾（Jeffrey Hall）、米高·羅斯巴希（Michael Rosbash）和米高·揚（Michael Young）因「發現控制晝夜節律的分子機制」而共同贏得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎^[13]^[14]。

晝夜節律被視為科學知識轉移到公共領域的一個例子^[15]。

參考文獻

[1]
曾海波，尚游，袁世熒. 近日節律對麻醉藥物作用的影響. 國際麻醉學與復甦雜誌，2010，31(06):561-564. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4378.2010.12.022
[2]
賀弋, 邵繼紅, 岳江濤, & 曾德福. (1993). 人工概日節律法治療失眠症的初步探討. 寧夏醫學雜誌, 15(1), 46-46.
[3]
宋艷,徐麗,梁輝,等.家蠶滯育誘導過程中概日節律基因period和timless在卵中的表達[C]//中國蠶學會家蠶和柞蠶遺傳育種學術研討會.2009.
[4]
陳榮傑。「不同亮暗間歇對大鼠日變節律性與基因表達的影響」。碩士論文，慈濟大學神經科學研究所，2006。＜https://hdl.handle.net/11296/puv322＞。
[5]
Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O'Neill JS, Reddy AB. Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature. May 2012, 485 (7399): 459–464. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..459E. PMC 3398137 . PMID 22622569. doi:10.1038/nature11088.
[6]
Young MW, Kay SA. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nature Reviews. Genetics. September 2001, 2 (9): 702–715. PMID 11533719. S2CID 13286388. doi:10.1038/35088576.
[7]
de Mairan JJ. Observation Botanique. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. 1729: 35–36.
[8]
Gardner MJ, Hubbard KE, Hotta CT, Dodd AN, Webb AA. How plants tell the time. The Biochemical Journal. July 2006, 397 (1): 15–24. PMC 1479754 . PMID 16761955. doi:10.1042/BJ20060484.
[9]
Aschoff, Jürgen. Circadian Rhythms in Man: A self-sustained oscillator with an inherent frequency underlies human 24-hour periodicity. Science. 1965-06-11, 148 (3676): 1427–1432 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.148.3676.1427. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-05）（英語）.
[10]
Czeisler, C. A.; Duffy, J. F.; Shanahan, T. L.; Brown, E. N.; Mitchell, J. F.; Rimmer, D. W.; Ronda, J. M.; Silva, E. J.; Allan, J. S. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1999-06-25, 284 (5423): 2177–2181 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10381883. doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2177. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-10）.
[11]
Blue light has a dark side （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Harvard Health Publication, 2015,9,2
[12]
^{[不可靠的醫學來源？]} Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-01）.
[13]
Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-03）.
[14]
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-11）.
[15]
Benjakob O, Aviram R. A Clockwork Wikipedia: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study. Journal of Biological Rhythms. June 2018, 33 (3): 233–244. PMID 29665713. S2CID 4933390. doi:10.1177/0748730418768120 .

延伸閱讀

Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. November 2001, 98 (24): 13751–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9813751A. PMC 61113 . PMID 11707566. doi:10.1073/pnas.181484498.
Avivi, A.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Albrecht, U.; Nevo, E. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2002, 99 (18): 11718–23. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911718A. PMC 129335 . PMID 12193657. doi:10.1073/pnas.182423299.
Li D, Ma S, Guo D, et al. Environmental circadian disruption worsens neurologic impairment and inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol. February 2016. PMID 26886755. doi:10.1007/s10571-015-0295-2.
Ditty, J.L.; Williams, S.B.; Golden, S.S. A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annual Review of Genetics. 2003, 37: 513–43. PMID 14616072. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142716.
Dunlap, J.C.; Loros, J.; DeCoursey, P.J. (2003) Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping. Sinauer, Sunderland
Dvornyk, V.; Vinogradova, O.; Nevo, E. Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. March 2003, 100 (5): 2495–500. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.2495D. PMC 151369 . PMID 12604787. doi:10.1073/pnas.0130099100.
Koukkari, W.L.; Sothern, R.B. (2006) Introducing Biological Rhythms. Springer, New York
Martino, T.; Arab, S.; Straume, M.; Belsham, Denise D.; et al. Day/night rhythms in gene expression of the normal murine heart. Journal of Molecular Medicine. April 2004, 82 (4): 256–64. PMID 14985853. doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0520-1.
Refinetti, R. (2006) Circadian Physiology, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Takahashi, J.S.; Zatz, M. Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science. September 1982, 217 (4565): 1104–11. Bibcode:1982Sci...217.1104T. PMID 6287576. doi:10.1126/science.6287576.
Tomita, J.; Nakajima, M.; Kondo, T.; Iwasaki, H. No transcription-translation feedback in circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation. Science. January 2005, 307 (5707): 251–4. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..251T. PMID 15550625. doi:10.1126/science.1102540.
Moore-Ede, Martin C.; Sulzman, Frank M.; Fuller, Charles A. The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-674-13581-4.

外部連接

[1] [1]
曾海波，尚游，袁世熒. 近日節律對麻醉藥物作用的影響. 國際麻醉學與復甦雜誌，2010，31(06):561-564. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4378.2010.12.022

[2] [2]
賀弋, 邵繼紅, 岳江濤, & 曾德福. (1993). 人工概日節律法治療失眠症的初步探討. 寧夏醫學雜誌, 15(1), 46-46.

[3] [3]
宋艷,徐麗,梁輝,等.家蠶滯育誘導過程中概日節律基因period和timless在卵中的表達[C]//中國蠶學會家蠶和柞蠶遺傳育種學術研討會.2009.

[4] [4]
陳榮傑。「不同亮暗間歇對大鼠日變節律性與基因表達的影響」。碩士論文，慈濟大學神經科學研究所，2006。＜https://hdl.handle.net/11296/puv322＞。

[Edgar_459–464-5] [5]
Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O'Neill JS, Reddy AB. Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature. May 2012, 485 (7399): 459–464. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..459E. PMC 3398137 . PMID 22622569. doi:10.1038/nature11088.

[6] [6]
Young MW, Kay SA. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nature Reviews. Genetics. September 2001, 2 (9): 702–715. PMID 11533719. S2CID 13286388. doi:10.1038/35088576.

[de_mairan_1729-7] [7]
de Mairan JJ. Observation Botanique. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. 1729: 35–36.

[pmid16761955-8] [8]
Gardner MJ, Hubbard KE, Hotta CT, Dodd AN, Webb AA. How plants tell the time. The Biochemical Journal. July 2006, 397 (1): 15–24. PMC 1479754 . PMID 16761955. doi:10.1042/BJ20060484.

[9] [9]
Aschoff, Jürgen. Circadian Rhythms in Man: A self-sustained oscillator with an inherent frequency underlies human 24-hour periodicity. Science. 1965-06-11, 148 (3676): 1427–1432 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.148.3676.1427. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-05）（英語）.

[10] [10]
Czeisler, C. A.; Duffy, J. F.; Shanahan, T. L.; Brown, E. N.; Mitchell, J. F.; Rimmer, D. W.; Ronda, J. M.; Silva, E. J.; Allan, J. S. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1999-06-25, 284 (5423): 2177–2181 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10381883. doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2177. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-10）.

[11] [11]
Blue light has a dark side （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Harvard Health Publication, 2015,9,2

[12] [12]
^{[不可靠的醫學來源？]} Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-01）.

[13] [13]
Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-03）.

[Nobel_Press_Release-14] [14]
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-11）.

[15] [15]
Benjakob O, Aviram R. A Clockwork Wikipedia: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study. Journal of Biological Rhythms. June 2018, 33 (3): 233–244. PMID 29665713. S2CID 4933390. doi:10.1177/0748730418768120 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

歷史