新美鞭菌門

新美鞭菌科
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	新美鞭菌門 Neocallimastigomycota
綱：	新美鞭菌綱 Neocallimastigomycetes
目：	新美鞭菌目 Neocallimastigales
科：	新美鞭菌科 Neocallimastigaceae
屬
	厭氧鞭菌屬 Anaeromyces; 盲腸鞭菌屬 Caecomyces; 枝梗鞭菌屬 Cyllamyces; 新美鞭菌屬 Neocallimastix; 根囊鞭菌屬 Orpinomyces; 梨囊鞭菌屬 Piromyces;

新美鞭菌門是厭氧性真菌的一門，發現於食草動物的消化道中。它只包括一綱、一目、一科^[1]，目前已知6屬。

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發現

新美鞭菌門的真菌為Orpin於1975年首次根據綿羊的瘤胃中發現的運動細胞所描述。^[3]儘管這些細胞最初被認為是鞭毛蟲，現在已經證明它們是與核心壺菌有親緣關係的真菌。在此之前，人們只知道瘤胃的微生物群落由細菌和原蟲組成。自發現之後，已經從50多種食草動物——包括反芻動物、非反芻哺乳動物和食草爬行動物——的消化道中分離出這類真菌。^[4]^[5]

下屬分類

本科包括以下屬：

Aestipascuomyces Marcus Stabel, Radwa Hanafy, Tabea Schweitzer, Meike Greif, Habibu Aliyu, Veronika Flad, Diana Young, Michael Lebuhn, Mostafa Elshahed, Katrin Ochsenreither & Noha Youssef, 2020
Agriosomyces Hanafy, Lanjekar, Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
Aklioshbomyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
厭氧鞭菌屬 Anaeromyces Breton, Bernalier, Dusser, Fonty, B.Gaillard & J.Guillot, 1990
Buwchfawromyces T.M.Callaghan & G.W.Griff., 2015
盲腸鞭菌屬 Caecomyces J.J.Gold
Capellomyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
枝梗鞭菌屬 Cyllamyces Ozkose, B.J.Thomas, D.R.Davies, G.W.Griff. & Theodorou
Feramyces R.A.Hanafy, Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2018
Ghazallomyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
Joblinomyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
Khoyollomyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020
Liebetanzomyces Joshi, G.W.Griff. & Dagar, 2018
新美鞭菌屬 Neocallimastix Vávra & Joyon ex I.B.Heath
Oontomyces Dagar, Puniya & G.W.Griff., 2015
根囊鞭菌屬 Orpinomyces D.J.S.Barr, H.Kudo, Jakober & K.J.Cheng, 1989
Paucimyces
Pecoramyces
Hanafy, N.H.Youssef, G.W.Griff. & Elshahed, 2017
- Pecoramyces ruminantium Hanafy, N.H.Youssef, G.W.Griff. & Elshahed^[6]
Piromonas
梨囊鞭菌屬 Piromyces J.J.Gold, I.B.Heath & Bauchop
Tahromyces Hanafy, Vikram B.Lanjekar, Prashant K.Dhakephalkar, T.M.Callaghan, Dagar, G.W.Griff., Elshahed & N.H.Youssef, 2020

繁殖和生長

新美鞭菌門真菌通過游動孢子在反芻動物的胃中繁殖。游動孢子具有基體，但缺乏多數壺菌所具有的無鞭毛中心體。^[1]已知新美鞭菌門真菌還能利用基因水平轉移製造木聚糖酶（其基因來自細菌）及各種葡聚糖酶。^[7]其細胞的核被膜在有絲分裂過程中始終保持不變，亦為其特徵。^[1]

代謝

新美鞭菌門真菌缺乏線粒體。它們通過氫化酶體把NADH氧化為NAD+，釋放H₂作為產物。^[7]

降解多糖的能力

新美鞭菌門真菌在其宿主對纖維的消化中扮演了重要角色。它們在主要攝入高含量纖維食物的動物的消化道中大量存在。^[8]由這些厭氧真菌製造的多糖降解酶可以水解許多不易降解的植物聚合物，因此可以將非木質化的植物細胞壁全部降解。^[9]^[10]這些多糖降解酶形成多蛋白質複合體，類似於細菌的纖維小體。^[11]

命名

新美鞭菌門的學名基於新美鞭菌屬（Neocallimastix）的學名，後者由古希臘語詞根neo-（新）、calli-（美麗）和mastix（鞭）構成。其中，「鞭」指這類真菌具有多數鞭毛。按照分類學界傳統，拉丁化的mastix一詞在後接後綴時，要轉化為mastig-的複合形式。^[12]但是，在新美鞭菌科的學名（Neocallimastigaceae）首次發表時，被其作者不正確地拼成了「Neocallimasticaceae」，並進而導致了其他拼寫錯誤（如「Neocallimasticales」等）。這是由於其作者錯誤地按照其他以-ix結尾的單詞（如柳屬Salix的複合形式是Salic-，因此楊柳科是Salicaceae）構造了mastix的複合形式。根據《國際藻類、菌物和植物命名法規》（ICN）規則60，這個拼寫錯誤屬於可以糾正的類型。糾正後的拼寫已為《菌物索引》（Index Fungorum）所採用。^[13]然而，這兩種拼寫現在在文獻中或網絡上仍然並存，應予注意。

參考文獻

[1]
Hibbett, D.S.; et al. A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. March 2007, 111 (5): 509–547. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.
↑
Li, J.L.; et al. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. II. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord. nov. Can. J. Bot. 1993, 71 (3): 393–407. doi:10.1139/b93-044.
[3]
Orpin CG. Studies on the rumen flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis. J. Gen. Microbiol. December 1975, 91 (2): 249–62. PMID 1462.
[4]
Ljungdahl LG. The cellulase/hemicellulase system of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2 and aspects of its applied use. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. March 2008, 1125: 308–21. PMID 18378601. doi:10.1196/annals.1419.030.
[5]
Mackie RI, Rycyk M, Ruemmler RL, Aminov RI, Wikelski M. Biochemical and microbiological evidence for fermentative digestion in free-living land iguanas (Conolophus pallidus) and marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on the Galápagos archipelago. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2004, 77 (1): 127–38. PMID 15057723. doi:10.1086/383498.
[6]
Radwa A. Hanafy, Mostafa S. Elshahed, Audra S. Liggenstoffer, Gareth W. Griffith & Noha H. Youssef (2017) Pecoramyces ruminantium, gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic gut fungus from the feces of cattle and sheep, Mycologia, 109:2, 231-243, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1317190
[7]
C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
[8]
Ho YW, Bar DJS. Classification of anaerobic gut fungi from herbivores withemphasis on rumen fungi from Malaysia. Mycologia. 1995, 87 (5): 655–77. JSTOR 3760810. doi:10.2307/3760810.
[9]
Akin DE, Borneman WS. Role of rumen fungi in fiber degradation. J. Dairy Sci. October 1990, 73 (10): 3023–32. PMID 2178175. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78989-8.
[10]
Selinger LB, Forsberg CW, Cheng KJ. The rumen: a unique source of enzymes for enhancing livestock production. Anaerobe. October 1996, 2 (5): 263–84. PMID 16887555. doi:10.1006/anae.1996.0036.
[11]
Wilson CA, Wood TM. Studies on the cellulase of the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis, with special reference to the capacity of the enzyme to degrade crystalline cellulose. Enzyme .Microb. Technol. 1992, 14 (4): 258–64. doi:10.1016/0141-0229(92)90148-H.
[12]
combform3.qxd 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-03-15.
[13]
Suprafamilial Names. [2013-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-22）.

外部連結

醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Neocallimastigomycota
NIH （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[Hibbett-1] [1]
Hibbett, D.S.; et al. A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. March 2007, 111 (5): 509–547. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.

[0-2] 
Li, J.L.; et al. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. II. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord. nov. Can. J. Bot. 1993, 71 (3): 393–407. doi:10.1139/b93-044.

[3] [3]
Orpin CG. Studies on the rumen flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis. J. Gen. Microbiol. December 1975, 91 (2): 249–62. PMID 1462.

[pmid18378601-4] [4]
Ljungdahl LG. The cellulase/hemicellulase system of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2 and aspects of its applied use. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. March 2008, 1125: 308–21. PMID 18378601. doi:10.1196/annals.1419.030.

[pmid15057723-5] [5]
Mackie RI, Rycyk M, Ruemmler RL, Aminov RI, Wikelski M. Biochemical and microbiological evidence for fermentative digestion in free-living land iguanas (Conolophus pallidus) and marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on the Galápagos archipelago. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2004, 77 (1): 127–38. PMID 15057723. doi:10.1086/383498.

[6] [6]
Radwa A. Hanafy, Mostafa S. Elshahed, Audra S. Liggenstoffer, Gareth W. Griffith & Noha H. Youssef (2017) Pecoramyces ruminantium, gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic gut fungus from the feces of cattle and sheep, Mycologia, 109:2, 231-243, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1317190

[Alex-7] [7]
C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5

[Ho1995-8] [8]
Ho YW, Bar DJS. Classification of anaerobic gut fungi from herbivores withemphasis on rumen fungi from Malaysia. Mycologia. 1995, 87 (5): 655–77. JSTOR 3760810. doi:10.2307/3760810.

[pmid2178175-9] [9]
Akin DE, Borneman WS. Role of rumen fungi in fiber degradation. J. Dairy Sci. October 1990, 73 (10): 3023–32. PMID 2178175. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78989-8.

[pmid16887555-10] [10]
Selinger LB, Forsberg CW, Cheng KJ. The rumen: a unique source of enzymes for enhancing livestock production. Anaerobe. October 1996, 2 (5): 263–84. PMID 16887555. doi:10.1006/anae.1996.0036.

[Wilson1992-11] [11]
Wilson CA, Wood TM. Studies on the cellulase of the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis, with special reference to the capacity of the enzyme to degrade crystalline cellulose. Enzyme .Microb. Technol. 1992, 14 (4): 258–64. doi:10.1016/0141-0229(92)90148-H.

[12] [12]
combform3.qxd 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-03-15.

[13] [13]
Suprafamilial Names. [2013-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-22）.

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