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位於撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲大陸地區 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
撒哈拉以南非洲[2](英語:Sub-Saharan Africa),指撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲地區,又稱亞撒哈拉地區、下撒哈拉、漠南非洲、南非,也有稱黑非洲(Negro Africa)。自然地理上與埃塞俄比亞界高度重疊。政治上,包括了所有或部分領土位於撒哈拉沙漠以南的國家(蘇丹除外,儘管其位於撒哈拉沙漠的東緣)。與這一概念相對應的是北部非洲,其通常被認為是阿拉伯世界的一部分。索馬里、吉布提、科摩羅和毛里塔尼亞地理上屬於撒哈拉以南非洲,但也是阿拉伯世界的一部分。
本地區面積約2430萬平方公里。從公元前三千五百多年起,雖然撒哈拉沙漠以其人煙稀疏與天候惡劣,一直成為北非及本地區間的天然障礙,但亦有尼羅河及紅海可以交通撒哈拉沙漠以北的埃及與撒哈拉沙漠以南的東非地區,另外古代還有跨撒哈拉貿易可以交通北非地中海沿岸與西非內陸地區。
西非馬里統治者曼薩·穆薩就曾經親自跨越撒哈拉沙漠,途經開羅前往麥加朝聖。
根據聯合國《世界人口展望(2019)》[3][4],2019年撒哈拉以南非洲人口為11億。目前的增長率為2.3%。聯合國預測,到2050年該地區人口將達到20億至25億[5] ,人口密度為每平方千米80人。與之相比,屆時西歐、亞洲和美洲的人口密度將分別為每平方公里170人、140人和30人。
撒哈拉以南非洲國家在生育率最高的50個國家和地區中佔40個,2008年總和生育率均大於4。除南非和塞舌爾外,其他國家均高於世界平均水平[6]。 除南非以外的撒哈拉以南國家(亦包括蘇丹),其中40%以上的人口年齡在15歲以下。[7]
國家 | 人口 | 面積 | 識字率(男/女)[8] | 人均GDP[8] | 清廉指數(排名/分數)[9] | 預期壽命[8] | HDI | EODBR/SAB[10] | PFI[11](排名/分數) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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18,498,000 | 1,246,700 | 82.9%/54.2% | 6,800 | 168/2 | 42.4 | 0.486 | 172/171 | 132/58,43 |
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8,988,091 | 27,830 | 67.3%/52.2% | 700 | 168/1.8 | 49 | 0.316 | 176/130 | 103/29,00 |
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68,692,542 | 2,345,410 | 80.9%/54.1% | 800 | 162/11.9 | 46.1 | 0.286 | 182/152 | 146/53,50 |
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18,879,301 | 475,440 | 77%/59.8% | 3,700 | 146/2.2 | 50.3 | 0.482 | 171/174 | 109/30,50 |
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4,511,488 | 622,984 | 64.8%/33.5% | 700 | 158/2.8 | 44.4 | 0.343 | 183/159 | 80/17,75 |
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10,329,208 | 1,284,000 | 40.8%/12.8% | 2,300 | 175/1.6 | 50.6 | 0.328 | 178/182 | 132/44,50 |
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3,700,000 | 342,000 | 90.5%/ 79.0% | 800 | 162/1.9 | 54.8 | 0.533 | N/A | 116/34,25 |
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1,110,000 | 28,051 | 93.4%/80.3% | 37,400 | 168/1.8 | 51.1 | 0.537 | 170/178 | 158/65,50 |
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1,514,993 | 267,667 | 88.5%/79.7% | 18,100 | 106/2.9 | 56.7 | 0.674 | 158/152 | 129/43,50 |
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39,002,772 | 582,650 | 77.7%/70.2 | 3,500 | 146/2.2 | 57.8 | 0.519 | 95/124 | 96/25,00 |
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174,507,539 | 923,768 | 84.4%/72.7%[12] | 5,900 | 136/2.7 | 57 | 0.504 | 131/120 | 112/34.24 |
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10,473,282 | 26,338 | 71.4%/59.8% | 2,100 | 89/3.3 | 46.8 | 0.429 | 67/11 | 157/64,67 |
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212,679 | 1,001 | 92.2%/77.9% | 3,200 | 111/2.8 | 65.2 | 0.509 | 180/140 | NA |
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44,928,923 | 945,087 | 77.5%/62.2% | 3,200 | 126/2.6 | 51.9 | 0.466 | 131/120 | NA/15,50 |
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32,369,558 | 236,040 | 76.8%/57.7 | 2,400 | 130/2.5 | 50.7 | 0.446 | 112/129 | 86/21,50 |
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31,894,000 | 1,886,068 | 79.6%/60.8% | 4,300 | 176/1.5 | 62.57[13] | 0.408 | 154/118 | 148/54,00 |
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8,260,490 | 619,745 | 1,600 | ||||||
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516,055 | 23,000 | N/A | 3,600 | 111/2.8 | 54.5 | 0.430 | 163/177 | 110/31,00 |
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5,647,168 | 121,320 | N/A | 1,600 | 126/2.6 | 57.3 | 0.349 | 175/181 | 175/115,50 |
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85,237,338 | 1,127,127 | 50%/28.8% | 2,200 | 120/2.7 | 52.5 | 0.363 | 107/93 | 140/49,00 |
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9,832,017 | 637,657 | N/A | N/A | 180/1.1 | 47.7 | N/A | N/A | 164/77,50 |
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1,990,876 | 600,370 | 80.4%/81.8% | 17,000 | 37/5.6 | 49.8 | 0.633 | 45/83 | 62/15,50 |
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752,438 | 2,170 | N/A | 1,600 | 143/2.3 | 63.2 | 0.433 | 162/168 | 82/19,00 |
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2,130,819 | 30,355 | 73.7%/90.3% | 3,300 | 89/3.3 | 42.9 | 0.450 | 130/131 | 99/27,50 |
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19,625,000 | 587,041 | 76.5%/65.3% | 1,600 | 99/3.0 | 59 | 0.480 | 134/12 | 134/45,83 |
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14,268,711 | 118,480 | N/A | 1,200 | 89/3.3 | 47.6 | 0.400 | 132/128 | 62/15,50 |
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1,284,264 | 2,040 | 88.2%/80.5% | 22,300 | 42/5.4 | 73.2 | 0.728 | 17/10 | 51/14,00 |
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21,669,278 | 801,590 | N/A | 1,300 | 130/2.5 | 42.5 | 0.322 | 135/96 | 82/19,00 |
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2,108,665 | 825,418 | 86.8%/83.6% | 11,200 | 56/4.5 | 52.5 | 0.625 | 66/123 | 35/9,00 |
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87,476 | 455 | 91.4%/92.3% | 29,300 | 54/4.8 | 72.2 | 0.773 | 111/81 | 72/16,00 |
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59,899,991 | 1,219,912 | N/A | 13,600 | 55/4.7 | 50.7 | 0.619 | 34/67 | 33/8,50 |
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1,123,913 | 17,363 | 80.9%/78.3% | 11,089 | 79/3.6 | 40.8 | 0.608 | 115/158 | 144/52,50 |
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11,862,740 | 752,614 | N/A | 4,000 | 99/3.0 | 41.7 | 0.430 | 90/94 | 97/26,75 |
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11,392,629 | 390,580 | 92.7%/86.2% | 2,300 | 146/2.2 | 42.7 | 0.376 | 159/155 | 136/46,50 |
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8,791,832 | 112,620 | 47.9%/42.3% | 2,300 | 106/2.9 | 56.2 | 0.427 | 172/155 | 97/26,75 |
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12,666,987 | 1,240,000 | 32.7%/15.9% | 2,200 | 111/2.8 | 53.8 | 0.359 | 156/139 | 38/8,00 |
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15,730,977 | 274,200 | 25.3% | 1,900 | 79/3.6 | 51 | 0.331 | 150/116 | N/A |
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499,000 | 322,462 | 7,000 | ||||||
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20,617,068 | 322,463 | 3,900 | ||||||
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1,782,893 | 11,295 | 2,600 | ||||||
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24,200,000 | 238,535 | 4,700 | ||||||
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10,057,975 | 245,857 | 2,200 | ||||||
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1,647,000 | 36,125 | 1,900 | ||||||
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4,128,572 | 111,369 | 1,300 | ||||||
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3,359,185 | 1,030,700 | 4,500 | ||||||
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17,129,076 | 1,267,000 | 1,200 | ||||||
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12,855,153 | 196,712 | 3,500 | ||||||
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6,190,280 | 71,740 | 1,600 | ||||||
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7,154,237 | 56,785 | 1,700 |
GDP per Capita (PPP) (2016, 2017 (PPP, US$)), Life (Exp.) (Life Expectancy 2006), Literacy (Male/Female 2006), Trans (Transparency 2009), HDI (Human Development Index), EODBR (Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009), SAB (Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009), PFI (Press Freedom Index 2009)