情色性

情色性（英語：Eroticism）^[1]是指引起性感受的特質^[2]^[3]，以及關於性慾、感官、浪漫關係的美學思辨。此一特質能夠在不同的藝術作品上找到，比如繪畫、雕塑、照片、戲劇、電影、音樂、文學、廣告。

正如法國小說家奧諾雷·德·巴爾扎克指出，情色性的定義不僅只與某人的性道德有關，還取決於其所身處的文化和時代^[4]^[5]^[6]。

定義

有鑑於情色的本質是流動的^[7]，故早期定義將它設想成某種形式的肉體或浪漫之愛，有的則直接將其等同性慾。比如1755年版的《百科全書，或科學、藝術和工藝詳解詞典》將情色定義為「一個形容詞，其適用於一切跟兩性之愛有關的事物；它特指那種無節制的放蕩」^[8]、

情色的定義完全取決於觀者的文化和品味^[9]^[10]，故此人們乃至批判者很容易將完全依賴上述判斷的情色性跟色情混淆^[11]。反色情活動家安德里亞·德沃金表示：「情色只不過是更高檔次的色情罷了；它們有着更好的製作、更好的構思、更好的執行過程、更好的包裝，為較上流之人士而設計」^[12]。林恩·亨特就這類型的混淆寫道：「這證明了……很難清楚劃分情色與色情……情色與色情分離的歷史乃待人補白」^[13]。

生物演化

情色性與文化及其色情製品有關，演化心理學已揭示了情色性如何影響人性的演化^[14]。

精神分析學

心理治療師在西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的影響之下^[15]，開始經由希臘哲學了解情色背後的審美^[16]。對於柏拉圖而言，當主體尋求超越自身，與客體/他者交融時，厄洛斯就會有一種近乎超然的表現：「一條正確的途徑……可以自己遵循着它去愛，先從這個個別的美的東西開始……到一切美的形體，更從美的形體到那些美的行動，從美的行動到美的知識，最後從各種知識終於到達那種無關是關於美的知識」^[17]。

法國哲學

當代法國對於情色性的概念可追溯至啟蒙時代^[18]，「在18世紀期間，字典將情色定義為跟愛有關的事物……情色性是私人事務對於公共領域的入侵」^[19]。法國哲學家喬治·巴代伊於20世紀間發表了同樣的觀點，他認為情色性消去了人的主體性與人性之間的界限——暫時地消去理性的世界^[20]，並指「情色性當中的慾望是戰勝禁忌的慾望。它以人與自身的衝突為前提」^[21]。對於巴代伊等一眾法國哲學家而言，「情色性並不只關乎性行為，它是一種心理上的追求……情色性即是對於生與死的認同」^[22]。

非異性戀

酷兒理論和LGBT研究會從非異性戀的角度探討情色性，並認為現代主義和精神分析對於情色性的看法十分古板^[23] 、以異性戀為中心^[24]，表示有關論述主要由「誤認為自己的壓抑性偏好」是常態的「少數精英、異性戀、資產階級男性」撰寫，受眾同是這一批人^[25]^[26]^[27]。

伊芙·科索夫斯基·塞奇威克（英語：Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick）^[28]、蓋兒·魯賓^[29]、瑪麗蓮·弗萊（英語：Marilyn Frye）等一眾理論家^[30]分別從異性戀、女同性戀、分離主義的角度，去為情色性進行大量論述，他們認為情色性既是一種政治力量^[31]，也是對於邊緣化群體的文化批判^[32]。馬里奧·巴爾加斯·略薩總結道：「情色性有其自身的道德正當性。因為它說快樂對我來說就足夠了；它是個體主權的表現」^[33]。

參見

參考資料

[1]
朴永圭. 情色朝鮮：那些被迫忍受、壓抑的韓國近代性慾實錄. 創意市集. 2020-06-22 [2020-12-27]. ISBN 9789579199902.
[2]
Eroticism. Merriam-Webster. [2011-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-05）.
[3]
eroticism. Cambridge Dictionary. [2020-12-26].
[4]
Balzac, "The Physiology of Marriage" (1826), trans. Sharon Marcus (1997), Aphorism XXVI, 65
[5]
Grande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129
[6]
Gauthier, Albert, "La sodomie dans le droit canonique medieval" in L'Erotisme au Moyen Age: Etudes presentees au IIe Colloque de l'Institut d'Etudes Medievales, 3-4 Avril 1976, ed. Roy, Bruno (Montreal: Ed. Aurore, 1977), pp. 109-122
[7]
Evans, David T., Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1993)
[8]
Encyclopédie (1755), quoted in Lynn Hunt ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic (London 1991) p. 90
[9]
Foster. Jeannette H., Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey 2nd ed., (New York: Vantage Press, 1956) (repr. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975)
[10]
Weinberg, M., & A. Bell, Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography, (New York: 1972)
[11]
Altman, A.; Watson, L. Debating Pornography. Oxford University Press. 2019: 64. ISBN 978-0-19-935871-7.
[12]
Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. 1981: 39. ISBN 978-0-399-12619-2.
[13]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 4
[14]
Miller, Geoffrey. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Vintage. 2001.
[15]
Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augusutine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 105-8. Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 9780198112693
[16]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 13
[17]
The Symposium, in Benjamin Jowett trans., The Essential Plato (1871/1999), 746. However, note that Jowett's Victorian-era translation has asserted a reading of Plato that tends toward the physical-sex-less (e.g. the current sense of a platonic relationship), compared to later scholars from Walter Pater through Michel Foucault, to the present. See Adam Lee, The Platonism of Walter Pater: Embodied Equity (Oxford University Press, 2020). ISBN 9780192588135; and, again, Dollimore (1991).
[18]
Coward, D.A., "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies 10, pp. 236 ff.
[19]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 3 and p. 5
[20]
L'érotisme, by Georges Bataille, Paris (1957: UK publication 1962) ISBN 978-2-7073-0253-3
[21]
George Bataille, Eroticism (Penguin 2001) p. 256
[22]
Bataille, Eroticism p. 11
[23]
Morton, Donald, ed., The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader, (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996)
[24]
Cohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1999)
[25]
Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. "'Black Gay Male' Discourse: Reading Race and Sexuality Between the Lines". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:3 (1993): 468-90.
[26]
Aries, Philippe & Andre Bejin, eds., Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985; orig. pub. as Sexualities Occidentales, Paris: Editions du Seuil/Communications, 1982)
[27]
Bullough, Vern L., "Homosexuality and the Medical Model", Journal of Homosexuality 1:6 (1975), pp. 99-110
[28]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Eve Kosofsky Sedgewick: Epistemology of the closet, 45
[29]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Gayle S. Rubin: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality, 3
[30]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Marilyn Frye: Some reflections on separatism and power, 91
[31]
Marshall, John, "Pansies, Perverts and Macho Men: Changing Conceptions of Male Homosexuality", in Kenneth Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual, (London: Hutchinson, 1981), 133-54
[32]
Fone, Byrne R.S., "Some Notes Toward a History of Gay People", The Advocate no. 259 (Jan 25, 1979), pp. 17-19 & no. 260 (Feb 28, 1979), pp. 11-13
[33]
Mangan, J. A. "Men, Masculinity, and Sexuality: Some Recent Literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:2 (1992): 303-13

[1] [1]
朴永圭. 情色朝鮮：那些被迫忍受、壓抑的韓國近代性慾實錄. 創意市集. 2020-06-22 [2020-12-27]. ISBN 9789579199902.

[merriam-2] [2]
Eroticism. Merriam-Webster. [2011-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-05）.

[3] [3]
eroticism. Cambridge Dictionary. [2020-12-26].

[4] [4]
Balzac, "The Physiology of Marriage" (1826), trans. Sharon Marcus (1997), Aphorism XXVI, 65

[5] [5]
Grande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129

[6] [6]
Gauthier, Albert, "La sodomie dans le droit canonique medieval" in L'Erotisme au Moyen Age: Etudes presentees au IIe Colloque de l'Institut d'Etudes Medievales, 3-4 Avril 1976, ed. Roy, Bruno (Montreal: Ed. Aurore, 1977), pp. 109-122

[7] [7]
Evans, David T., Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1993)

[8] [8]
Encyclopédie (1755), quoted in Lynn Hunt ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic (London 1991) p. 90

[9] [9]
Foster. Jeannette H., Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey 2nd ed., (New York: Vantage Press, 1956) (repr. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975)

[10] [10]
Weinberg, M., & A. Bell, Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography, (New York: 1972)

[11] [11]
Altman, A.; Watson, L. Debating Pornography. Oxford University Press. 2019: 64. ISBN 978-0-19-935871-7.

[12] [12]
Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. 1981: 39. ISBN 978-0-399-12619-2.

[13] [13]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 4

[14] [14]
Miller, Geoffrey. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Vintage. 2001.

[15] [15]
Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augusutine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 105-8. Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 9780198112693

[16] [16]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 13

[17] [17]
The Symposium, in Benjamin Jowett trans., The Essential Plato (1871/1999), 746. However, note that Jowett's Victorian-era translation has asserted a reading of Plato that tends toward the physical-sex-less (e.g. the current sense of a platonic relationship), compared to later scholars from Walter Pater through Michel Foucault, to the present. See Adam Lee, The Platonism of Walter Pater: Embodied Equity (Oxford University Press, 2020). ISBN 9780192588135; and, again, Dollimore (1991).

[18] [18]
Coward, D.A., "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies 10, pp. 236 ff.

[19] [19]
Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 3 and p. 5

[20] [20]
L'érotisme, by Georges Bataille, Paris (1957: UK publication 1962) ISBN 978-2-7073-0253-3

[21] [21]
George Bataille, Eroticism (Penguin 2001) p. 256

[22] [22]
Bataille, Eroticism p. 11

[23] [23]
Morton, Donald, ed., The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader, (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996)

[24] [24]
Cohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1999)

[25] [25]
Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. "'Black Gay Male' Discourse: Reading Race and Sexuality Between the Lines". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:3 (1993): 468-90.

[26] [26]
Aries, Philippe & Andre Bejin, eds., Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985; orig. pub. as Sexualities Occidentales, Paris: Editions du Seuil/Communications, 1982)

[27] [27]
Bullough, Vern L., "Homosexuality and the Medical Model", Journal of Homosexuality 1:6 (1975), pp. 99-110

[28] [28]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Eve Kosofsky Sedgewick: Epistemology of the closet, 45

[29] [29]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Gayle S. Rubin: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality, 3

[30] [30]
from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Marilyn Frye: Some reflections on separatism and power, 91

[31] [31]
Marshall, John, "Pansies, Perverts and Macho Men: Changing Conceptions of Male Homosexuality", in Kenneth Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual, (London: Hutchinson, 1981), 133-54

[32] [32]
Fone, Byrne R.S., "Some Notes Toward a History of Gay People", The Advocate no. 259 (Jan 25, 1979), pp. 17-19 & no. 260 (Feb 28, 1979), pp. 11-13

[33] [33]
Mangan, J. A. "Men, Masculinity, and Sexuality: Some Recent Literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:2 (1992): 303-13

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