庚寅之劫

庚寅之劫，指1650年（清順治七年，南明永曆四年，即中國農曆庚寅年）11月24日到12月5日清朝軍隊在廣州的一次對平民大屠殺事件。死者約數萬，在8,000至70,000人之間。

過程

順治六年（1649年），尚可喜獲滿清冊封為「平南王」，此後便受命帶領清兵南征廣東。次年二月，清軍攻至廣州城下，開始了長達十個月的圍城攻堅^[1]。到了至十一月，當年公曆11月24日，尚可喜與靖南王耿繼茂指揮的清軍（漢軍鑲藍旗）在圍困進攻近十個月後，經過艱難的戰鬥，包括築壘相逼，以樓車攻城，及動用荷蘭炮手，終於攻破廣州城，隨後對據城死守的廣州居民進行了長達十天的大屠殺^[2]。

記載

《清史稿》卷二百三十四記載：「繼茂與可喜攻下廣州，怒其民力守，盡殲其丁壯。」
黃佛頤的《廣州城坊志》引用清人方恆泰《橡坪詩話》的記載：「城前後左右四十里，盡行屠戮，死者六十餘萬人。相傳城中人士竄伏六脈渠約六七千人，適天雨，瀆溺幾盡，其所存僅二人，雙門底劉中山其一也。」「止有七人躲入大南門瓮城關帝廟神像腹中，得免誅戮。」^[3]
意大利傳教士衛匡國在《韃靼戰紀》描述廣州大屠殺：「大屠殺從11月24日一直進行到12月5日。他們不論男女老幼，一律殘酷地殺死，他們不說別的，只說：『殺！殺死這些反叛的蠻子。』……最後，他們在12月6日發出佈告，宣佈封刀。除去攻城期間死掉之人以外，他們已經屠殺了十萬人。」^[4]
荷蘭使臣約翰·紐霍夫在《An embassy from the East-India company》記述：「韃靼全軍入城之後，全城頓時是一片悽慘景象，每個士兵開始破壞，搶走—切可以到手的東西；婦女、兒童和老人哭聲震天；從11月26日到12月15日，各處街道所聽到的，全是拷打、殺戮反叛蠻子的聲音；全城到處是哀號、屠殺、劫掠……在冬月的六日，總督及清軍統帥下令，即日起不得再從事如此殘酷的殺戮。我得到確切的消息，18天內，被韃靼人殘忍屠殺的，在八千人以上」。^[5]
羅一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）：「當時南明官兵被殺六千餘人,而無辜死難的廣民卻達幾萬,這在廣州歷史上確實是空前的。「血洗十八甫」的傳說,就是廣民對這段悲慘歷史的可怖回億。」^[6]
「屍體在東門外焚燒了好幾天，直至19世紀，仍可看見一座積結成塊的骨灰堆」。^[7]
顧誠《南明史》描述道：順治七年尚可喜、耿繼茂「再破廣州，屠戮甚慘，居民幾無噍類。浮屠真修曾受紫衣之賜，號紫衣僧者，募役購薪聚胔於東門外焚之，累骸燼成阜，行人於二三里外望如積雪。因築大坎痤焉，表曰共冢。」番禺縣人王鳴雷寫了一篇聲淚俱下的祭文，摘錄一段以見當日情狀： ..甲申更姓，七年討殛。何辜生民，再遭六極。血濺天街，螻蟻聚食。飢鳥啄腸，飛上城北。北風牛溲，堆積髑髏。或如寶塔，或如山邱。便房已朽，項門未枯。欲奪其妻，先殺其夫；男多於女，野火模糊。羸老就戮，少者為奴；老多於少，野火轆轤。五行共盡，無智無愚，無貴無賤，同為一區。.. 廣東著名文人鄺露就是在這次屠城中遇難的。^[8]

死亡統計

荷蘭使臣約翰·紐霍夫在《An embassy from the East-India company》記述：「我得到確切的消息，18天內，被韃靼人殘忍屠殺的，在八千人以上」。^[5]

美國漢學家魏斐德在1985年著作《洪業——清朝開國史》指最多7萬人被殺。^[9]
意大利傳教士衛匡國在《韃靼戰紀》指「十萬人」。^[4]Christopher Duffy在1979年著作《攻城戰：1494-1660年的堡壘》採納「十萬」一說。^[10]

羅一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）指出「廣州屠城後不久，兩縣合共減少45,901人，這與死者幾萬的記載大致相符」（註：廣州城分歸南海和番禺管轄，南海縣崇禎15年114,351人，順治14年92,047人；番禺縣崇禎15年62,795人，順治14年39,208人；廣州大屠殺發生於順治7年）。^[6]

廣州日報記者金葉2008年寫道：「清順治六年十月，滿清大軍抵達廣州，圍困城池長達10個月，最終攻下城池，平南王尚可喜率清軍攻陷廣州之後，屠城十日，屍橫遍地。廣州城當時人口大約40萬，死難者約五分之一。」^[11]
同治《番禺縣誌》說「可喜等屠城,死者七十萬人,民居遂空。」。廣州市地方志編纂委員會《廣州市志--宗教志》援引此說法，「清順治七年(1650)，清軍攻廣州，死難70萬人。在東郊烏龍岡，真修和尚僱人收拾屍骸，『聚而殮之，埋其餘燼』，合葬立碑。」^[12]「七十萬」說法一般未獲採納，例如羅一星（廈門大學博士，治明清經濟史）指出「當時廣州究竟死難了多少人?據現有材料,有兩說:[同治年間]《番禺縣誌》說「可喜等屠城,死者七十萬人,民居遂空。」;親厲其變的李一奇說:「人民死至幾萬」。「七十萬人」之說顯然不可信。因為明末廣州府十三縣人口總共才40萬人。南、番兩縣人口合共才17萬餘人。廣州一城何來「七十萬人」?筆者認為「死至幾萬」的記載較為可靠。」^[6]

參考文獻

[1]
大海，《尚可喜與廣州「庚寅之劫」》，《僑園》 , 2015 (4) :45-45。
[2]
《廣東通志》、《廣州市志》
[3]
“庚寅之劫”——1650年广州大屠杀. 大洋網. 2010-07-13 [2020-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-30）.
[4]
Martini, Martino. De bello Tartarico historia. Antwerpen. 1654: 178. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-28）（拉丁語）. Eſt Quangcheu [...]. Altera verò die vrbem ſpoliare cæperunt, & ad quintam vſque Decembris deprædatio tenuit, in quâ infantes, mulieres, ac obuij omnes necabantur crudeliſsime; vnaq́ue audiebatur vox, Occide, Occide hos rebelles barbaros. Artificibus tantum aliquibus vita permiſſa eſt, ad conferuandas artes, & iis quos ad ſpolia portanda milites Tartari robuſtiores videbant. Sextâ demum die Decembris Regulus diploma publicauit, quo ſæuiri vltrà vetuit, poftquam ſupra centum millia hominum occiſaſunt, præter eos qui obſidionis tempore vario mortis genere prærepti ſuerant.
[5]
Nieuhof, Johannes. An embassy from the East-India company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperour of China. : 39. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-24）. The cry of Women, Children, and Aged People, was so great, that it exceeded all noise of such loud distractions ; so that from the 26 of November, until the 15 of December, there was heard no other cry in the Streets, but Strike, Kill, and Destroy the Rebellious Barbarians; all places full of woful Lamentations, of Murder, and Rapine: Those that were able to ransom, bought their lives at dear rates, and so escaped the hands of these Inhumane Slaughterers. At last the Viceroys, and chief Commanders of the Army, upon the sixth of Winter month, did strictly forbid any such cruel Murder to be committed hereafter: And I was credibly informed that during .the space of eighty days, above eight thousand were killed in cold blood by the Tartars. Others (amongst which the Jesuite Martinus is one, in his Book of the Tartar War) say there were slain above one hundred thousand, which is not altogether improbable, in regard of the great number there penn'd up.
[6]
羅一星. 清初两藩肆虐广州考. 廣州研究 (廣州: 廣州市社會科學研究所). 1984, (1): 57, 61. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.
[7]
E. C. Bowra, 「The Manchu Conquest of Canton」 (Part One),. China Review, Vol. 1, pp. 86–96 (1872). As cited in Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985-01-01: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.
[8]
《南明史》顧城，中國青年出版社，1997年，607－608頁
[9]
Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）. During the following ten days the city was pillaged, and as many as seventy thousand people were killed
[10]
Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Psychology Press. 1996 [1979]: 237 [2020-08-11]. ISBN 978-0-415-14649-4. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-18）（英語）. They took Canton in 1650 after an eight-month siege, cutting down 100,000 of the citizens in the process, and they went on to capture the heroic stronghold of Kuei-lin. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)
[11]
金葉. 海幢寺——结庐在人境岂无车马喧. 廣州日報. 2008-02-03: B3. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05） –透過新疆哲學社會科學網(2010年3月3日).
[12]
《滿清血腥屠殺史:人頭堆積如山丘人口驟減幾千萬》，中國經濟網

參見

十八甫

[1] [1]
大海，《尚可喜與廣州「庚寅之劫」》，《僑園》 , 2015 (4) :45-45。

[2] [2]
《廣東通志》、《廣州市志》

[dayoo-3] [3]
“庚寅之劫”——1650年广州大屠杀. 大洋網. 2010-07-13 [2020-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-30）.

[Martini-4] [4]
Martini, Martino. De bello Tartarico historia. Antwerpen. 1654: 178. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-28）（拉丁語）. Eſt Quangcheu [...]. Altera verò die vrbem ſpoliare cæperunt, & ad quintam vſque Decembris deprædatio tenuit, in quâ infantes, mulieres, ac obuij omnes necabantur crudeliſsime; vnaq́ue audiebatur vox, Occide, Occide hos rebelles barbaros. Artificibus tantum aliquibus vita permiſſa eſt, ad conferuandas artes, & iis quos ad ſpolia portanda milites Tartari robuſtiores videbant. Sextâ demum die Decembris Regulus diploma publicauit, quo ſæuiri vltrà vetuit, poftquam ſupra centum millia hominum occiſaſunt, præter eos qui obſidionis tempore vario mortis genere prærepti ſuerant.

[Nieuhof-5] [5]
Nieuhof, Johannes. An embassy from the East-India company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperour of China. : 39. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-24）. The cry of Women, Children, and Aged People, was so great, that it exceeded all noise of such loud distractions ; so that from the 26 of November, until the 15 of December, there was heard no other cry in the Streets, but Strike, Kill, and Destroy the Rebellious Barbarians; all places full of woful Lamentations, of Murder, and Rapine: Those that were able to ransom, bought their lives at dear rates, and so escaped the hands of these Inhumane Slaughterers. At last the Viceroys, and chief Commanders of the Army, upon the sixth of Winter month, did strictly forbid any such cruel Murder to be committed hereafter: And I was credibly informed that during .the space of eighty days, above eight thousand were killed in cold blood by the Tartars. Others (amongst which the Jesuite Martinus is one, in his Book of the Tartar War) say there were slain above one hundred thousand, which is not altogether improbable, in regard of the great number there penn'd up.

[Luo1984-6] [6]
羅一星. 清初两藩肆虐广州考. 廣州研究 (廣州: 廣州市社會科學研究所). 1984, (1): 57, 61. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.

[7] [7]
E. C. Bowra, 「The Manchu Conquest of Canton」 (Part One),. China Review, Vol. 1, pp. 86–96 (1872). As cited in Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985-01-01: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）.

[8] [8]
《南明史》顧城，中國青年出版社，1997年，607－608頁

[9] [9]
Wakeman, Frederic E. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 768. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. （原始內容存檔於使用|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate= (幫助)）. During the following ten days the city was pillaged, and as many as seventy thousand people were killed

[10] [10]
Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Psychology Press. 1996 [1979]: 237 [2020-08-11]. ISBN 978-0-415-14649-4. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-18）（英語）. They took Canton in 1650 after an eight-month siege, cutting down 100,000 of the citizens in the process, and they went on to capture the heroic stronghold of Kuei-lin. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)

[11] [11]
金葉. 海幢寺——结庐在人境岂无车马喧. 廣州日報. 2008-02-03: B3. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05） –透過新疆哲學社會科學網(2010年3月3日).

[12] [12]
《滿清血腥屠殺史:人頭堆積如山丘人口驟減幾千萬》，中國經濟網

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