密克羅尼西亞翠鳥

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥
保護狀況
	; 野外絕滅（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	佛法僧目 Coraciiformes
科：	翠鳥科 Alcedinidae
屬：	領翡翠屬 Todiramphus
種：	密克羅尼西亞翠鳥 T. cinnamominus
二名法
	Todiramphus cinnamominus; (Swainson, 1821)

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥（學名Todiramphus cinnamominus）是關島、波納佩及帕勞的一種翠鳥。其下的亞種關島密克羅尼西亞翠鳥因棕樹蛇的入侵而在野外滅絕，只可以飼養繁殖。

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分類及特徵

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥有三個亞種，每一個限於單一島嶼上：

關島密克羅尼西亞翠鳥（T. c. cinnamominus）：指名亞種。
波納佩密克羅尼西亞翠鳥（T. c. reichenbachii）
帕勞密克羅尼西亞翠鳥（T. c. pelewensis）

已滅絕的琉球翠鳥有時也會被分類成密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種。^[2]

這些亞種的分別主要在其主羽及體型大小上，帕勞的最為細小，而關島的則最大。^[3]牠們的色彩鮮艷，長約20-24厘米，體型中等。牠們的背部呈虹藍色，頭部呈銹肉桂色。波納佩及帕勞的成鳥下身呈白色，幼鳥的下身卻是肉桂色。相反，關島的雄性成鳥下身卻是肉桂色，而雌鳥及幼鳥的下身是白色。所有亞種的喙都是側面扁平的，腳深色。

行為

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥是生活在森林之中，傾向不怎麼露面。在波納佩，牠們會沿森林邊緣在電話線上覓食；在帕勞的則很不明顯。牠們只吃甲殼類。在關島，牠們的巢是在軟木樹中挖穴而成或進佔白蟻的^[4]；在波納佩，牠們的巢則是進佔白蟻的。^[5]牠們會保護自己的地盤。^[6]雙親都會照顧雛鳥，一些波納佩的雛鳥會留在雙親身邊較長時間。^[7]

保育狀況

兩個密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種都面臨生存威脅。關島的被入侵的棕樹蛇所滅絕^[8]，現時已被美國列為瀕危物種。^[9]牠們只有飼養的群落，為數少於100隻。現已有計劃將牠們重新引入到關島的保護區及森林中。^[10]在波納佩的亞種於1983年至1994年間就下降了63%。^[11]波納佩鳥類的下降原因不明。

參考

[1]
BirdLife International. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
[2]
Fry, C.H., K. Fry, A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992.
[3]
Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987.
[4]
Marshall, S.D. Nest sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam. Wilson Bulletin. 1989, 101: 472–7.
[5]
Kesler, D.C., and S.M. Haig. Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Ibis. 2005, 147: 188–96.
[6]
Kesler, D.C. Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers. Corvallis, OR: Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University. 2006.
[7]
Kesler, D.C. Nest site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii): Does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?. Corvallis, OR: M.S. thesis. Oregon State University. 2002.
[8]
Savidge, J. A. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 1987, 68: 660–8.
[9]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881-33885.
[10]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina).
[11]
Buden, D.W. A comparison of 1983 and 1994 bird surveys of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Wilson Bulletin. 2000, 112: 403–10.

Haig, S.M., and J.D. Ballou. 1995. Genetic diversity among two avian species formerly endemic to Guam. Auk 112: 445-455.
Haig, S.M., J.D. Ballou, and N.J. Casna. 1995. Genetic identification of kin in Micronesian Kingfishers. Journal of Heredity 86: 423-431.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.

外部連結

[1] [1]
BirdLife International. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].

[Fry1992-2] [2]
Fry, C.H., K. Fry, A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992.

[Pratt1987-3] [3]
Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987.

[Marshall1989-4] [4]
Marshall, S.D. Nest sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam. Wilson Bulletin. 1989, 101: 472–7.

[KeslerHaig2005-5] [5]
Kesler, D.C., and S.M. Haig. Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Ibis. 2005, 147: 188–96.

[Kesler2006-6] [6]
Kesler, D.C. Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers. Corvallis, OR: Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University. 2006.

[Kesler2002-7] [7]
Kesler, D.C. Nest site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii): Does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?. Corvallis, OR: M.S. thesis. Oregon State University. 2002.

[Savidge1984-8] [8]
Savidge, J. A. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 1987, 68: 660–8.

[U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service1984-9] [9]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881-33885.

[US_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service2004-10] [10]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina).

[Buden2000-11] [11]
Buden, D.W. A comparison of 1983 and 1994 bird surveys of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Wilson Bulletin. 2000, 112: 403–10.

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