反權威主義

反權威主義（英語：Anti-authoritarianism），或譯為反威權主義，是指反對權威主義的意識形態。這裏的權威主義定義為「一種具有通過提交給權力機構的特點的社會組織形式」^[1]、「有利於完全服從的，或受到權力機構抵制個人自由」^[2]^[3]和威權性質的政府。反權威主義者通常相信法律下全面的人人平等的和強大的公民自由。由於無政府主義抵制人際關係中的任何權威和等級制度（包括國家系統），因此有時該詞可與「無政府主義」互換使用。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

觀點和實踐

自由思想是一種哲學觀念，其認為意見必須建立在邏輯、原因和經驗主義之上，而不是在權威、傳統或者其他教條上。^[11]^[12]^[13]對自由思想的認知應用也被稱為「自由思考」，自由思想的實踐者則被稱為「自由思想者」。^[11]^[14]

訴諸權威（拉丁文：argumentum ab auctoritate）是一種被濫用時會導致邏輯謬誤的常見形式的辯論。在非正式推理中，訴諸權威是一種試圖建立一個統計的三段論的形式的論點。^[15] 訴諸權威依靠論據的形式：

一個特定領域的權威

一個說了關於該主題的東西

一個可能正確的結論

使用訴諸的荒謬例子包括邏輯推理背景下使用的任何訴諸權威，以及訴諸於當局或當局撤銷證據的立場；例如，儘管當局可以比外行人更正確地判斷與其專業領域有關的判斷，他們仍然可以通過錯誤、偏見、不誠實或者成為集體迷思下的犧牲品而進行錯誤的判斷。因此，訴諸權威不是建立事實的普遍可靠的論據。有影響力的無政府主義者米哈伊爾·亞歷山德羅維奇·巴枯寧認為：「難道我遵循拒絕所有的權威嗎？遠遠沒有這樣的想法，在靴子方面，我遵循制靴者的權威，關於房子，運河或鐵路，我諮詢建築師或工程師。對於這樣或那樣的特殊知識，我向這樣的或那樣的專家申請。但我不允許制靴者、建築師把他們的權威強加給我。我自由地聽他們，他們的智慧、性格、知識值得我尊重，我保留自己批評和譴責的無可爭辯的權利。我不滿足於在任何特定分支領域訴諸於一個單一的權威。我諮詢幾個人，我比較他們的意見，並選擇我認為的似乎是最健全的意見，但我承認沒有絕對的權威，即使是在特殊的問題上。因此，無論我對這樣或那樣的個人的誠實和誠意可能有什麼尊重，我不會絕對地信任任何人。」^[16]他看到「所以沒有固定和不變的權威，只有互相的、暫時的不間斷的交換，最重要的是自願權力和自願附屬。同樣禁止我的自由的理由，也就是承認一個固定的、不變的和普遍的權威；因為沒有一個普遍的人，沒有一個能夠掌握所有這些細節的人，可能在所有的科學、社會生活的所有分支中科學地運用生命。」^[16]

第二次世界大戰後，歐洲掀起了一股基於反法西斯主義的強烈的反權威主義運動。這要歸因於在當時納粹德國佔領區的積極抵抗和對超級大國的發展引起的恐懼。^[17]反權威主義也與反主流文化和波西米亞主義運動有關。在20世紀50年代，垮掉的一代「在政治上是激進的，在某種程度上，他們的反專制態度在20世紀60年代被活動家所接受。」^[18]20世紀60年代的嬉皮士和大型反主流文化運動實行了通過反威權和非暴力手段為理由的生活方式和行動主義；因此，有人指出，「嬉皮士的方式與所有鎮壓的階級權力結構是對立的，因為它們不利於和平、愛和自由的嬉皮目標。嬉皮士並不把他們的信仰強加給別人，而是嬉皮士尋求通過理性改變世界和以他們自己的信仰進行生活。」^[19]20世紀70年代，反權威主義運動開始與朋克文化有關^[20]。

參見

參考資料

[1]
Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus. authoritarianism. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1995 [2008-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-24）.
[2]
"anti-authoritarian" at dictionary.com. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
[3]
"antiauthoritarian" at The Free Dictionary. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-30）.
[4]
"Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 28 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[5]
IAF principles. International of Anarchist Federations. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-05）. The IAF - IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.
[6]
"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations-by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power- and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[7]
"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.
[8]
Ward, Colin. Anarchism as a Theory of Organization. 1966 [1 March 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-25）.
[9]
Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
[10]
Brown, L. Susan. Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism. The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. 2002: 106.
[11]
Freethinker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31 [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-23）.
[12]
Free thought | Define Free thought at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-22）.
[13]
存档副本. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-17）.
[14]
Nontracts - FFRF Publications. Archive.is. [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-04）.
[15]
Salmon, M. H. Introduction to Critical Reasoning. Mason, OH: Thomson Wadsworth. 2006: 118–9.
[16]
"What is Authority?" by Mikhail Bakunin. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-12）.
[17]
Cox, David. Sign Wars: The Culture Jammers Strike Back!. LedaTape Organisation. 2005: 108 [22 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-9807701-5-5. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-19）.
[18]
Matterson, Stephen. Mid-1950s-1960s Beat Generation. The American Novel. PBS. [2021-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-07-07）.
[19]
Stone 1994，"The Way of the Hippy"
[20]
McLaughlin, Paul. Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2007: 10. ISBN 0-7546-6196-2.

[1] [1]
Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus. authoritarianism. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1995 [2008-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-24）.

[2] [2]
"anti-authoritarian" at dictionary.com. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.

[3] [3]
"antiauthoritarian" at The Free Dictionary. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-30）.

[4] [4]
"Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 28 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[iaf-ifa.org-5] [5]
IAF principles. International of Anarchist Federations. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-05）. The IAF - IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.

[6] [6]
"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations-by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power- and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[7] [7]
"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.

[Ward_1966-8] [8]
Ward, Colin. Anarchism as a Theory of Organization. 1966 [1 March 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-25）.

[9] [9]
Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."

[10] [10]
Brown, L. Susan. Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism. The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. 2002: 106.

[merriam-webster.com-11] [11]
Freethinker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31 [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-23）.

[12] [12]
Free thought | Define Free thought at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.reference.com. [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-22）.

[13] [13]
存档副本. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-17）.

[14] [14]
Nontracts - FFRF Publications. Archive.is. [2014-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-04）.

[salmon-15] [15]
Salmon, M. H. Introduction to Critical Reasoning. Mason, OH: Thomson Wadsworth. 2006: 118–9.

[marxists.org-16] [16]
"What is Authority?" by Mikhail Bakunin. [2017-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-12）.

[swcjsb-17] [17]
Cox, David. Sign Wars: The Culture Jammers Strike Back!. LedaTape Organisation. 2005: 108 [22 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-9807701-5-5. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-19）.

[18] [18]
Matterson, Stephen. Mid-1950s-1960s Beat Generation. The American Novel. PBS. [2021-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-07-07）.

[Stonepolitics-19] [19]
Stone 1994，"The Way of the Hippy"

[20] [20]
McLaughlin, Paul. Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2007: 10. ISBN 0-7546-6196-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]