盧拉主義

盧拉主義
Lulismo
盧拉主義; Lulismo
	盧拉主義標誌
領袖	路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達施華
創始人	路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達施華
成立	2003年，21年前
黨員	勞工黨; 巴西希望
意識形態	社會民主主義; 社會自由主義; 進步主義; 民主社會主義; 21世紀社會主義; 左翼民粹主義; 自由社會主義; 凱恩斯主義; 歷史上; 第三條道路;
政治立場	中間偏左
	^ A: 勞工黨是一個中間偏左至左翼的政黨，但盧拉本人屬黨內溫和派，在巴西政治光譜里被認為接近於中間派至中間偏左。

盧拉主義（葡萄牙語：Lulismo）是指2006年以前對社運和勞工黨懷有敵意的巴西社會各階層在時任總統路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達施華領導下確立的意識形態^[16]。思想中，受限的改良主義和有限的結構變革側重於貧困階級^[17]。與盧拉保持距離的下層階級在盧拉第一任期屆滿後投票使他在中產階級的反對下獲得候選人資格。將維護國家穩定與國家分配主義統一起來的說辭和實踐是盧拉主義的起源^[16]。盧氏在提倡社會主義的同時，追求一種以市場為導向逐步解決貧富差距的「社會自由主義」方式^[3]^[18]。

Quick Facts 盧拉主義Lulismo, 領袖 ...

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巴西製造商、銀行和零售商因「以消費為主導、以信貸為動力」的政府經濟模式而受益^[19]。安德烈·星稱由此提出了「盧拉主義」：

“

以私營工業部門為一方，以有組織的勞動力為另一方的利益趨於一致，繼而取得平衡，也就使這套政治制度能夠以某種共識落實^[20]。

”

這種平衡使政府逐漸在政策上做出重大改變。在盧拉主義運動中，不對抗是發展的必要條件。上文所述內容是拉美21世紀社會主義浪潮的一部分^[21]。

確立

「盧拉主義」一詞由政治學家安德烈·星所制，他在2003年至2005年擔任盧拉的新聞秘書，並在2002年至2007年任總統發言人^[17]^[22]^[23]^[24]。在盧拉於2001年放棄勞工黨左翼路線後，他於2002年總統競選中提出了「盧拉主義」^[16] ，並揚棄了組織和動員的概念。由於盧拉主義謀求在秩序中實現變革，因此不必動員，衝突自然也不復存在^[23]。

2009年為千禧研究所撰寫的一篇文章稱，在「盧拉主義推行六年」之後，「自由主義者被逼上梁山」。帕特里夏·卡路士·德·安德拉德認可該論點：「據她表示，『自由』一詞在巴西被視為『右翼』或『支持軍事獨裁』的同義詞。星說，在輿論戰中，所謂的左派總佔上風^[25]。」

盧拉主義尋求盧拉與巴西保守派之間的和解^[23]^[26]。諷刺的是^[27]，這套本就保守的社會契約將費南度·殷理基·卡多佐（1995年至2002年執政）的經濟政策與盧拉政府（2002年至2010年執政）的分產政策合二為一^[22]。

在和解的支持下^[28]，盧拉主義代表着「社會衝突的緩和，資產階級一直[都]極度懼怕，尤其是在像巴西這樣的階級分明的國家」，因為它設想「在軟弱的改革主義的支持下遏制貧困和不平等現象的蔓延」^[27]。這種社會變革模式被解釋為「現代化的保守變體」，其中國家「在利用最貧困人口方面發揮着突出作用」，以免使巴西的社會階層發生巨變（換句話說，以免與保守精英發生經濟利益衝突）^[28]。盧拉主義「炮製出新的意識形態、聯盟不足的旗幟，似乎結合了」盧拉和卡多佐政府基於三大支柱的宏觀經濟政策的連續性，即通脹控制、浮動匯率和預算盈餘^[16]。

將盧拉主義視為政治運動的另一個特徵是它的無黨派性。但該思想的概念與政黨重疊，包括盧拉一手創立的勞工黨^[29]。

巴西政壇在後來發生了一連串事件（譬如彈劾迪爾瑪·羅塞夫被彈劾、盧拉於2018年4月7日被捕以及米歇爾·特梅爾勞動法改革）^[30]，一些政治評論員就此正在爭論盧拉主義的下一階段，如今這套思想變得更激進，更左傾^[31]。

遺產

幾位拉美政治家（如奧蘭塔·胡馬拉、何西·穆爾西卡、毛里西奧·富內斯和費南度·盧戈）都將盧拉主義和查韋斯主義作為一種政治模式並用於取代華盛頓共識^[32]。

參見

釋放盧拉運動
金磚國家
查韋斯主義
基什內爾主義

參考文獻

[1]
Samuels, D. (2004). From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers』 Party in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 999–1024. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268856 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[2]
Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America?. [29 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-19）.
[3]
Alejandro M. Peña (編). Transnational Governance and South American Politics: The Political Economy of Norms. Springer. 2016: 240 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9781137538635. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-14）. In this manner, while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil, and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability ...
[4]
Francisco Luiz Corsi; José Marangoni Camargo; Agnaldo dos Santos; Rosângela de Lima Vieira (編). Economia e Sociedade: o Brasil e a América Latina na conjuntura de crise do capitalismo global. Editora Oficina Universitária. 2014.
[5]
Giuseppe Cocco; Bruno Cava (編). New Neoliberalism and the Other: Biopower, Anthropophagy, and Living Money. Lexington Books. 2018: XIX [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9781498526678. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）.
[6]
Gomercindo Rodrigues (編). Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes: Struggle for Justice in the Amazon. University of Texas Press. 2009 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9780292774544. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-07）. Later, as the military regime waned, he was one of the national founders of the Workers' Party (PT), personally allying with the urban union leader, now president of Brazil, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. He, Lula, and the PT in turn allied themselves with the cause of democratic socialism around the world.
[7]
John Ashley Soames Grenville (編). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Psychology Press. 2010: 702 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9780415289559. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-06）. Lula da Silva set out to show that contemporary 'liberal socialism' can work with the market and capitalism for the benefit of all the people, while promoting public serviccs.
[8]
Lula's Political Economy: Crisis and Continuity. NACLA. [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（英語）.
[9]
Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（Portuguese）.
[10]
Schreiber, Leon Amos. The third way in Brazil? Lula's presidency examined (學位論文). Stellenbosch University. 2011 [8 November 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-09）.
[11]
Luiz C. Barbosa (編). Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Environmental Organizations and Development. Routledge. 2015: 43. ISBN 9781317577645. Lula da Silva's form of economic liberalism can be classified as 「socialist neoliberalism.」 This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty.
[12]
C. Wylde (編). Latin America After Neoliberalism: Developmental Regimes in Post-Crisis States. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 206. ISBN 9780230301597. In Brazil Lula too adopted fiscally conservative policies^{[失效連結]}
[13]
Claire Rigby (14 November 2016). "How Lula's party fell from grace: the toppling of the Brazilian left" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. New Statesman. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
[14]
Daniel Gallas (29 March 2016). "Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
[15]
Lula, Brazil's popular ex-president, battles for 2022 political comeback. France 24. 12 June 2021 [21 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-27）. Upon his return to Brazil, and ahead of an upcoming trip to the United States, Lula will continue to make full use of the electoral strategy that won him the presidency in 2002: Talking to a variety of people, and negotiating with and rallying political forces beyond his Workers』 Party (PT), particularly from the centre of the political spectrum.
[16]
Singer, André. Raízes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo [Social and ideological roots of Lulism]. Novos Estudos - CEBRAP. 2009, (85): 83–102. doi:10.1590/S0101-33002009000300004  （Portuguese）.
[17]
Brazil: Is 'Lulism' over?. Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. 23 June 2013 [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-15）.
[18]
Richard Sandbrook (編). Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 155. ... President Luiz Inácio (Lula) de Silva during his first term (2003–6) followed social-liberal policies ...
[19]
Casanova & Kassum 2014，第32頁.
[20]
BNCC's Mission. Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.
[21]
Lula +10: results and evolution of "Lulism". Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.
[22]
Werneck, Paulo. Cientista político André Singer explica sua tese sobre o lulismo. Folha de S. Paulo. 19 August 2012 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-12）（Portuguese）.
[23]
Galhardo, Ricardo. André Singer: 'O lulismo não é um monopólio do PT'. Último Segundo. 30 September 2012 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-22）.
[24]
Lula + 10: Achievements, directions and challenges of the social transformations in Brazil. NorLARNet. 11 April 2013 [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.
[25]
Allan, Ricardo. Conversa com Patrícia. Instituto Millenium. 3 June 2009 [28 December 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-08）（Portuguese）.
[26]
Gindre, Gustavo. Gustavo Gindre: Dilma e o esgotamento do lulismo. Viomundo. 28 June 2013 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-07）（Portuguese）.
[27]
Becker, Fernanda; David, Anthony. Os impasses do "lulismo". Brasil de Fato. 3 January 2013 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於27 September 2013）（Portuguese）.
[28]
Keinert, Fábio Cardoso. Os sentidos do lulismo: reforma gradual e pacto conservador [The meanings of Lulism: gradual reform and conservative pact]. Tempo Social. November 2012, 24 (2): 255–260. doi:10.1590/S0103-20702012000200014  （Portuguese）.
[29]
Duarte, Rachel. Em 30 anos de PT, Lula se tornou maior do que o partido. Sul 21. 7 October 2010 [24 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-13）（Portuguese）.
[30]
L13467. 4 July 2017 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）（葡萄牙語）.
[31]
Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（Portuguese）.
[32]
Lulismo seduz América Latina mas é difícil de copiar. O Globo. 23 June 2011 [28 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-16）（Portuguese）.

參考書目

Casanova, Lourdes; Kassum, Julian. The Political Economy of an Emerging Global Power: In Search of the Brazil Dream. Palgrave Macmillan. 4 June 2014 [13 August 2015]. ISBN 978-1-137-35236-1.
Ricci, Rudá. Lulismo: da era dos movimentos sociais à ascensão da nova classe média brasileira : de como o discurso anti-institucionalista dos anos 80 deu lugar ao líder da conclusão da modernização conservadora em nosso país. Fundação Astrojildo Pereira. 1 January 2010 [12 August 2015]. ISBN 978-85-89216-28-9.
Singer, André. Os sentidos do lulismo. Companhia das Letras. 30 August 2012 [12 August 2015]. ISBN 978-85-8086-358-1.

[doi.org-1] [1]
Samuels, D. (2004). From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers』 Party in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 999–1024. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268856 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[2] [2]
Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America?. [29 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-19）.

[Liberalism-3] [3]
Alejandro M. Peña (編). Transnational Governance and South American Politics: The Political Economy of Norms. Springer. 2016: 240 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9781137538635. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-14）. In this manner, while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil, and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability ...

[4] [4]
Francisco Luiz Corsi; José Marangoni Camargo; Agnaldo dos Santos; Rosângela de Lima Vieira (編). Economia e Sociedade: o Brasil e a América Latina na conjuntura de crise do capitalismo global. Editora Oficina Universitária. 2014.

[5] [5]
Giuseppe Cocco; Bruno Cava (編). New Neoliberalism and the Other: Biopower, Anthropophagy, and Living Money. Lexington Books. 2018: XIX [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9781498526678. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08）.

[6] [6]
Gomercindo Rodrigues (編). Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes: Struggle for Justice in the Amazon. University of Texas Press. 2009 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9780292774544. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-07）. Later, as the military regime waned, he was one of the national founders of the Workers' Party (PT), personally allying with the urban union leader, now president of Brazil, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. He, Lula, and the PT in turn allied themselves with the cause of democratic socialism around the world.

[7] [7]
John Ashley Soames Grenville (編). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Psychology Press. 2010: 702 [2023-01-16]. ISBN 9780415289559. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-06）. Lula da Silva set out to show that contemporary 'liberal socialism' can work with the market and capitalism for the benefit of all the people, while promoting public serviccs.

[8] [8]
Lula's Political Economy: Crisis and Continuity. NACLA. [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（英語）.

[9] [9]
Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（Portuguese）.

[10] [10]
Schreiber, Leon Amos. The third way in Brazil? Lula's presidency examined (學位論文). Stellenbosch University. 2011 [8 November 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-09）.

[NeoLiberal-11] [11]
Luiz C. Barbosa (編). Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Environmental Organizations and Development. Routledge. 2015: 43. ISBN 9781317577645. Lula da Silva's form of economic liberalism can be classified as 「socialist neoliberalism.」 This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty.

[12] [12]
C. Wylde (編). Latin America After Neoliberalism: Developmental Regimes in Post-Crisis States. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 206. ISBN 9780230301597. In Brazil Lula too adopted fiscally conservative policies^{[失效連結]}

[13] [13]
Claire Rigby (14 November 2016). "How Lula's party fell from grace: the toppling of the Brazilian left" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. New Statesman. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

[14] [14]
Daniel Gallas (29 March 2016). "Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

[15] [15]
Lula, Brazil's popular ex-president, battles for 2022 political comeback. France 24. 12 June 2021 [21 January 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-27）. Upon his return to Brazil, and ahead of an upcoming trip to the United States, Lula will continue to make full use of the electoral strategy that won him the presidency in 2002: Talking to a variety of people, and negotiating with and rallying political forces beyond his Workers』 Party (PT), particularly from the centre of the political spectrum.

[Singer2009-16] [16]
Singer, André. Raízes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo [Social and ideological roots of Lulism]. Novos Estudos - CEBRAP. 2009, (85): 83–102. doi:10.1590/S0101-33002009000300004  （Portuguese）.

[Brazil:_Is_'Lulism'_over?-17] [17]
Brazil: Is 'Lulism' over?. Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. 23 June 2013 [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-15）.

[18] [18]
Richard Sandbrook (編). Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 155. ... President Luiz Inácio (Lula) de Silva during his first term (2003–6) followed social-liberal policies ...

[FOOTNOTECasanovaKassum201432-19] [19]
Casanova & Kassum 2014，第32頁.

[20] [20]
BNCC's Mission. Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.

[21] [21]
Lula +10: results and evolution of "Lulism". Brazilian-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce. [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.

[FSP/19-AGO-2012-22] [22]
Werneck, Paulo. Cientista político André Singer explica sua tese sobre o lulismo. Folha de S. Paulo. 19 August 2012 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-12）（Portuguese）.

[IG/30-SET-2012-23] [23]
Galhardo, Ricardo. André Singer: 'O lulismo não é um monopólio do PT'. Último Segundo. 30 September 2012 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-22）.

[24] [24]
Lula + 10: Achievements, directions and challenges of the social transformations in Brazil. NorLARNet. 11 April 2013 [30 September 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）.

[25] [25]
Allan, Ricardo. Conversa com Patrícia. Instituto Millenium. 3 June 2009 [28 December 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-08）（Portuguese）.

[VIOMUNDO/28-JUN-2013-26] [26]
Gindre, Gustavo. Gustavo Gindre: Dilma e o esgotamento do lulismo. Viomundo. 28 June 2013 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-07）（Portuguese）.

[BF/03-JAN-2013-27] [27]
Becker, Fernanda; David, Anthony. Os impasses do "lulismo". Brasil de Fato. 3 January 2013 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於27 September 2013）（Portuguese）.

[TEMPO-SOCIAL/NOV-2012-28] [28]
Keinert, Fábio Cardoso. Os sentidos do lulismo: reforma gradual e pacto conservador [The meanings of Lulism: gradual reform and conservative pact]. Tempo Social. November 2012, 24 (2): 255–260. doi:10.1590/S0103-20702012000200014  （Portuguese）.

[29] [29]
Duarte, Rachel. Em 30 anos de PT, Lula se tornou maior do que o partido. Sul 21. 7 October 2010 [24 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-13）（Portuguese）.

[30] [30]
L13467. 4 July 2017 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）（葡萄牙語）.

[31] [31]
Oliveira, André de. Lincoln Secco: "TRF-4 pode ter criado um lulismo mais radical, sem Lula e sem o PT, como é o peronismo". El País. 28 January 2018 [10 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-05）（Portuguese）.

[GLOBO/28-ABR-2012-32] [32]
Lulismo seduz América Latina mas é difícil de copiar. O Globo. 23 June 2011 [28 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-16）（Portuguese）.

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盧拉主義 Lulismo
盧拉主義標誌
領袖	路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達施華
創始人	路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達施華
成立	2003年，21年前（2003）
黨員	勞工黨巴西希望
意識形態	社會民主主義^[1]^[2] 社會自由主義^[3] 進步主義^[4]^[5] 民主社會主義^[6] 21世紀社會主義左翼民粹主義自由社會主義^[7] 凱恩斯主義^[8] 歷史上^[9] 第三條道路^[10]^[11]^[12]
政治立場	中間偏左^[A]^[13]^[14]
^ A: 勞工黨是一個中間偏左至左翼的政黨，但盧拉本人屬黨內溫和派，在巴西政治光譜里被認為接近於中間派至中間偏左。^[15]