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半閉央不圓唇元音
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半閉央不圓唇元音(close-mid central unrounded vowel、high-mid central unrounded vowel[1])是元音的一種,存在於一些語言當中,國際音標是⟨ɘ⟩,形如左右翻轉的「e」。此符號於1993年添加進IPA中,在此之前,此元音的音標記作⟨ë⟩。X-SAMPA符號是⟨@\⟩。
特徵
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
Quick Facts 半閉央不圓唇元音, ɘ ...
半閉央不圓唇元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɘ | |||
ë | |||
ɤ̈ | |||
ə̝ | |||
IPA編號 | 397 | ||
編碼 | |||
HTML碼(十進制) | ɘ | ||
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+0258 | ||
X-SAMPA音標 | @\ | ||
ASCII音標 | @<umd> | ||
IPA盲文(英語:IPA Braille) | ![]() ![]() | ||
| |||
音頻範例 | |||
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見於
More information 語言, 詞彙 ...
語言 | 詞彙 | 國際音標 | 意義 | 註釋 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
阿塞拜疆語 | 大不里士[2] | qız / قیز | [ɡɘz] | 女孩 | 一般記作⟨ɯ⟩。 |
Cotabato Manobo[3] | [比如?] | 可以記作⟨ə⟩。 | |||
丁卡語 | Luanyjang[4] | ŋeŋ | [ŋɘ́ŋ] | 顎骨 | /e/的短元音。[4] |
英語 | 澳大利亞英語音系[5][6] | bird | [bɘːd] | 鳥 | 一般記作⟨ɜː⟩。參見澳大利亞英語音系 |
南密歇根口音[7] | [bɚ̝ːd] | R音化;一般記作⟨ɚ⟩。 | |||
加的夫英語[8] | foot | [fɘt] | 腳 | 更少時候是圓唇音[ɵ];[9]和其他方言[ʊ]對應。參見英語音系 | |
新西蘭英語[10] | bit | [bɘt] | 比特 | /ə/和/ɪ/混同。參見新西蘭英語音系 | |
南部美國英語[11] | nut | [nɘt] | 堅果 | 部分方言。[11]和其他方言/ʌ/對應。參見英語音系 | |
漢語 | 閩南語泉山腔 | 月 ge̍rh | [ɡɘʔ˨˦] | 月亮,月份 | 一般記作[ə],受到主流記音的影響。 |
愛沙尼亞語[12] | kõrv | [kɘrv] | 耳 | 一般記作⟨ɤ⟩;可以是半閉後元音[ɤ]或閉後元音[ɯ],取決於使用者。[12]參見愛沙尼亞語音系 | |
愛爾蘭語 | 芒斯特愛爾蘭語[13] | sáile | [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] | 鹹水 | 一般記作[ɪ̽]。/ə/在未顎化細音旁的同位異音。[13]參見愛爾蘭語音系 |
Jebero[14] | ɨ[sh/x][e/ï][k/c/q] | [ˈiʃɘk] | 'bat' | ||
Kaingang[15] | me | [ˈᵐbɘ] | 尾巴 | 自央[ɘ]至後元音[ɤ]變化。[16] | |
Kalagan Kaagan[17] | [miˈwə̝ːʔ] | 失去 | /ɨ/在詞尾重讀音節、且在/ʔ/前的同位異音;可記作⟨ə⟩。[17] | ||
Kensiu[18] | [ɟɚ̝h] | 修剪 | R音化;可以記作⟨ɚ⟩。[18] | ||
Kera[19] | [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] | 火 | /a/的同位異音;一般記作⟨ə⟩。[19] | ||
韓語[20] | 어른/ŏŏleun | [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] | 成年人 | 可以記作⟨əː⟩。參見韓語音系 | |
呂蘇語[21] | [Fkə̝][需要解釋] | 鷹 | /ə/在軟齶塞音後的同位異音。[21] | ||
馬普切語[22] | elün | [ë̝ˈlɘn] | 離開(東西) | ||
蒙古語[23] | үсэр | [usɘɾɘ̆] | 跳 | ||
Mono[24] | dœ | [də̝] | 成為 | 可以記作⟨ə⟩。[24] | |
波蘭語[25] | mysz | [mɘ̟ʂ] (幫助·關於) | 老鼠 | Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩。參見波蘭語音系 | |
羅馬尼亞語 | 摩爾達維亞方言[26] | casă | [ˈkäsɘ] | 房子 | 和標準音[ə]對應。參見羅馬尼亞語音系 |
Shiwiar[27] | [比如?] | ||||
Temne[28] | pər | [pə̝́r] | 煽動 | 一般記作⟨ə⟩。[28] | |
越南語[29] | vợ | [vɘ˨˩ˀ] | 老婆 | 一般記作⟨ɤ⟩。參見越南語音系 | |
史興語 | Upper[30] | [LPmɘ̃dɐ] | 樓上 | 鼻化;只出現在此詞中。[30]低地史興語實現為央元音[ə̃]。[31] | |
薩波特克語 | 蒂爾基亞潘[32] | ne | [nɘ] | 與 | 更常見的實現是/e/。[32] |
Close
註釋
- While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- Mokari & Werner (2016). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMokariWerner2016 (help)
- Kerr (1988:110頁)
- Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119頁)
- Hillenbrand (2003:122頁)
- Roca & Johnson (1999:186頁)
- Asu & Teras (2009),第368–369頁.
- Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682頁)
- Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682頁)
- Bishop (1996:230頁)
- Pearce (2011:251頁)
- Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67頁)
- Olson (2004:235頁)
- Jassem (2003:105頁)該資料將此音記作⟨ɨ⟩但可以從pag. 105的元音圖看出這音比起[ɨ]更靠近[ɘ]。
- Pop (1938),第29頁.
- Kanu & Tucker (2010:249頁)
- Hoang (1965:24頁)
- Merrill (2008:109–110頁)
參考文獻
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, Estonian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George, New Zealand English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 97–102 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830, (原始內容存檔於2017-05-23)
- Bishop, Nancy, A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-10-05)
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Lizu (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013a, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242[永久失效連結]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013b, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[永久失效連結]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[永久失效連結]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (編), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990 [2018-02-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始內容存檔於2017-03-11)
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003] [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2, (原始內容存檔於2017-03-23)
- Cox, F.M., The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 2006, 26: 147–179 [2013-01-27], doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, (原始內容存檔於2008-09-24)
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德語)
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J., A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 1994, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
- Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-10)
- Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa, A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College, 1965 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-10-01)
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2018-02-15], (原始內容存檔於2012-03-04)
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V., Temne, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Kerr, Harland, Cotabato Manobo Grammar (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1988, 7 (1): 1–123 [2018-02-15], (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-11)
- Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 120–122, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2, (原始內容存檔於2019-06-08)
- Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-16)
- Olson, Kenneth S., Mono (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (02): 233–238 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-06-20)
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (愛爾蘭語)
- Pearce, Mary, Kera, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2011, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
- Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938
- Popperwell, Ronald G., Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, 2010 [First published 1963] [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1, (原始內容存檔於2019-06-08)
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong, Luanyjang Dinka (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (1): 113–124 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-09)
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- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, (原始內容存檔於2018-11-06)
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shiwilu (Jebero) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 97–106 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-08-04)
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